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chapter 20-the lymphatic system
chapter 20-the lymphatic system

... 1. Lymphatic Vessels which transport fluids back to the blood that have escaped from the blood. 2. Lymphatic Organs which are scattered throughout the body. 3. Lymph-the fluid contained in lymphatic vessels. III. TYPES OF LYMPHOID CELLS A. Lymphocytes-serve as the primary cells of the immune system. ...
sequence variability of grapevine rupestris stem pitting
sequence variability of grapevine rupestris stem pitting

... In pair-wise comparisons, sequences from all forty seven isolates showed 83 to 92% identity at the nucleotide level and 91 to 96% identity at the amino acid level. Phylogenetic analyses revealed segregation of these forty seven isolates into three clusters. Cluster I consisted of twenty three isolat ...
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating

... recruitment despite coexpression of IL-2, GIFT leads to significant functional NK cell infiltration as confirmed in NK-defective beige mice. In conclusion, we demonstrated that a fusion between GM-CSF and IL-2 can invoke greater antitumor effect than both cytokines in combination, and novel immunobi ...
Single-cell analysis of the dynamics and functional outcomes of
Single-cell analysis of the dynamics and functional outcomes of

... Individual NK cells lyse target cells when co-incubated in nanowells We developed a single-cell cytolysis (SCC) assay to directly measure the cytolytic behavior of thousands of individual NK cells (Fig. 1A). NK cells and K562 target cells were co-deposited onto an array of 30 µm cubic nanowells to o ...
Drosophila innate immunity - University of Arizona | Ecology and
Drosophila innate immunity - University of Arizona | Ecology and

... three Rel proteins, each with a common RelFigure 1. The antimicrobial defense of Drosophila. Note that this scheme is probably valid for all homology domain that is responsible for dimerholometabolous insects. Bacteria are illustrated as brown rods; pattern recognition proteins as purple pincers; iz ...
Hypertensive anterior uveitis
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... • T cell response – The most important immune responses against CMV are CD4+ T cells and CD8+T cells. – patients who have severely impaired T-cell responses can develop serious CMV disease despite having anti-CMV antibody • eg, solid organ transplantation, allogeneic bone marrow transplantation • in ...
Materials and Methods
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Wickenden et al. EHA 2016 PB2040
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... 1Cancer Studies, 2Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom Background: Specific microbial antigens have been implicated in the development and maintenance of several types of marginal zone lymphoma suggesting that an abnormal immune response is essential for driving B-cell pr ...
Mast cells in human airways: the culprit?
Mast cells in human airways: the culprit?

Murine Effector Cells Crosstalk between Human IgG Isotypes and
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... and hFcgRIIIb–and one inhibitory FcgR–hFcgRIIb (2). Mice have three activating FcgRs–mouse FcgRI (mFcgRI), mFcgRIII, and mFcgRIV–and one inhibitory FcgR–mFcgRIIb (8). Because efficacy studies in mouse models are a crucial step in preclinical development, and it is important to reliably translate suc ...
Initial depletion of regulatory T cells: the missing
Initial depletion of regulatory T cells: the missing

NK Cell Receptors as Tools in Cancer Immunotherapy
NK Cell Receptors as Tools in Cancer Immunotherapy

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predators, parasitoids, and pathogens: a cross-cutting
predators, parasitoids, and pathogens: a cross-cutting

department of molecular biology and immunology
department of molecular biology and immunology

... and diseases caused by known pathogens have reestablished themselves. Many of these infections result in life-threatening diseases. To complicate matters, many of these infectious agents have developed resistance to antibiotics routinely used in treatments. Thus, prevention and treatment of these in ...
Systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis
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... ence of anti‑native DNA and anti‑SM antibodies, which may contribute to the occurrence of sus­ tained proinflammatory state in the body.1,2 Im­ mune disorders associated with polyclonal activa­ tion of B lymphocytes are believed to play a cen­ tral role in the pathogenesis of SLE. Signs and symptoms ...
A C , May 2005, p. 1714–1719 Vol. 49, No. 5
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... Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes, and to other microorganisms that do not have the parC gene, such as Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter jejuni, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Fig. 1). Similarities in nucleotides and amino acid sequences in these sequences ...
Jennifer Orthmann-Murphey, M.D., Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow
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... These mice show an age-dependent difficulty in movement and muscle wasting. They are examining these mice to understand what genes are incorrectly turned on or off by excess Lamin B1 and how this affects the ability of the oligodendrocytes to make, maintain, and repair myelin. What’s Next? Results f ...
Phagocytic ability declines with age in adult Drosophila hemocytes
Phagocytic ability declines with age in adult Drosophila hemocytes

... immediately engulfed can be destroyed by AMPs, which are released by various cells (Lemaitre & Hoffmann, 2007; Stuart & Ezekowitz, 2008). However, transcriptionally regulated AMP production is delayed compared with phagocytosis (Ramet et al., 2002; Lemaitre & Hoffmann, 2007; Haine et al., 2008). Whi ...
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... major components: the highly variable outer O-antigen segment; a more conserved core, which is divided into outer and inner segments; and the bioactive lipid A portion. Variation within the length of the LPS, due to mutational absence of specific structures, not only changes the phenotypic appearanc ...
Immune Response by Chikungunya Virus Triggers an Innate Active
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... which may last for days, whereas in some cases, chronic arthritis may persist for years. Atypical clinical complications such as acute nephritis, severe acute hepatitis, and meningoencephalitis have also been reported from recent outbreaks (13–16). CHIKV infection in humans is thought to begin with ...
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and dermatological - HAL
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and dermatological - HAL

... fragments. These nucleic acid molecules generated by apoptotic cells can accumulate in the skin after exposure to ultraviolet rays (16). In some patients, especially patients suffering from systemic lupus, anti-double stranded DNA antibodies and antibodies directed against nuclear antigens are produ ...
Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: Positioning Cells for Host
Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: Positioning Cells for Host

... after injury or stress. Blockade of CXCR4 on HSCs is sufficient to prevent their bone marrow engraftment and to promote HSC mobilization in mice and humans (8, 9). A common method of stem cell mobilization in humans, G-CSF treatment, promotes the destruction of CXCL12 in the bone marrow and the appea ...
Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis by gene delivery of
Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis by gene delivery of

... similarities with RA, eg the requirement for genetic predisposition factors involving both MHC- and non-MHCrelated gene loci. Furthermore, attainment of reactivity with self antigens, native CII in CIA, is important to the development of both diseases.18 More recently, passive transfer of CIA from D ...
Inflammasomes Reassessing the Evolutionary Importance of
Inflammasomes Reassessing the Evolutionary Importance of

... incredible power, leading to the interpretation that inflammasomes fully prevent lethal infection. However, interpretation of this result is confounded by the fact that we chose the dose specifically because it was not lethal in WT mice (i.e., we defined the dose as being sublethal). When a deeper a ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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