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Vaccination with recombinant fusion proteins incorporating Toll
Vaccination with recombinant fusion proteins incorporating Toll

... (reviewed in [10,11]). The recognition of distinct pathogenassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is mediated by specific TLR receptors, including TLR2 (lipidated peptides and lipoteichoic acids), TLR3 (double stranded RNA), TLR4 (lipopolysaccharide), TLR5 (flagellin), and TLR9 (unmethylated CpG DNA) ...
Growth in Mice B Cell Depletion Enhances B16 Melanoma T Cell
Growth in Mice B Cell Depletion Enhances B16 Melanoma T Cell

Artificial Immune Systems
Artificial Immune Systems

... To implement a basic Artificial Immune System, four decisions have to be made: encoding, similarity measure, selection and mutation. Once an encoding has been fixed and a suitable similarity measure has been chosen, the algorithm will then perform selection and mutation, both based on the similarity ...
MUKOSA-SISTEM-IMMUN-BAKTERI-VIRUS-CACING
MUKOSA-SISTEM-IMMUN-BAKTERI-VIRUS-CACING

... The concept of mucosal tolerance. Prolonged mucosally administered antigens induce both systemic and mucosal unresponsiveness to the same Ag when challenged in the presence of adjuvant. ...
Host-Viral Interactions: Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors
Host-Viral Interactions: Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors

Vitamin B12 deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency

... This only occurs in strict vegans but the onset of clinical features can occur at any age between 10 and 80 years. Gastric pathology Release of vitamin B12 from the food requires normal gastric acid and enzyme secretion, and this is impaired by hypochlorhydria in elderly patients or following gastri ...
Transparencies for Microbiology, Fifth Edition - McGraw
Transparencies for Microbiology, Fifth Edition - McGraw

... A Test Item File is available to supplement this Instructor’s Manual. The Test Item File consists of approximately 60 test questions for each chapter correlated directly to the textbook material. This test item file is available on a CD ROM or through PageOut (see the web site listed below) and is i ...
Cell death pathways and autophagy in the central nervous system
Cell death pathways and autophagy in the central nervous system

Immune modulation of some autoimmune diseases: the critical role
Immune modulation of some autoimmune diseases: the critical role

immune system
immune system

... The immune system is a defense system that has evolved to protect its host from pathogens (harmful micro-organisms such as bacteria and viruses) The immune system is able to rapidly • detect, recognize and respond to variety of invading organisms. • It contains elements that are immediately effectiv ...
Pathogenic implications for autoantibodies against C-reactive protein and other acute phase proteins
Pathogenic implications for autoantibodies against C-reactive protein and other acute phase proteins

... One important exception to the generalization that CRP concentrations correlate with the extent and severity of inflammation is SLE. Many patients with active SLE, particularly if they present without serositis, do not have elevated CRP (or serum amyloid A) concentrations but do have marked increase ...
Monoclonal Antibodies Binding Renal Renin
Monoclonal Antibodies Binding Renal Renin

... Since each antiserum is comprised of a different mixture of antibodies varying in both specificity and affinity," comparative experiments among different laboratories is difficult. We have noted an additional problem. The effectiveness of a mixed immunoglobulin population in inhibiting the enzymatic ...
Immunology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Immunology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

... airway diseases that involve chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract, but the type of inflammation is markedly different between these diseases, with different patterns of inflammatory cells and mediators being involved. As described in this Review, these inflammatory profiles are largely dete ...
The dynamics of acute inflammation
The dynamics of acute inflammation

... lead to recurrent infection as we see in the next section). In this case, low levels of infection persist indefinitely. This could be likened to infection with tuberculosis, yeast infections or low-grade bacterial infections that persist for long periods of time (Beatty et al., 1994). Although, an or ...
Endothelial stem cells
Endothelial stem cells

RNA released from necrotic synovial fluid cells activates rheumatoid
RNA released from necrotic synovial fluid cells activates rheumatoid

VacA`s Induction of VacA-Containing Vacuoles (VCVs) and Their
VacA`s Induction of VacA-Containing Vacuoles (VCVs) and Their

... toxicity, namely variations in the signal sequence (s1a-c, s2), the intermediate region (i1, i2), and the mid-region (m1, m2) [8]. From early on, varying disease probabilities have been linked to the different s and m regions of VacA. Thus, most effective immune regulatory effects and an association ...
Mdm2 Promotes Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and
Mdm2 Promotes Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and

Paracrine-Induced Response State Antiviral
Paracrine-Induced Response State Antiviral

... waves according to the type of immune cells that need to be attracted and activated (13). One late component associated with maturation is the migration of the DCs to the secondary lymphoid organs (14), where they interact with the naive T and B cells. This activation of Ag-specific T cells by matur ...
Immune defense mechanisms in the Caenorhabditis elegans
Immune defense mechanisms in the Caenorhabditis elegans

Lecture Title: INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY ( 1
Lecture Title: INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY ( 1

... At the end of the course, the students should be able to:  1. Describe  the taxonomy and nomenclature of medically important fungi  2. Describe the cultural characteristics of various fungal species.  3. Describe the microscopic morphology of medically important fungal species  ...
microRNA-155 Regulates the Generation of Immunoglobulin Class
microRNA-155 Regulates the Generation of Immunoglobulin Class

STUDIES OF MUCOSAL IMMUNE REGULATION ANNE LAHDENPERÄ
STUDIES OF MUCOSAL IMMUNE REGULATION ANNE LAHDENPERÄ

... Background: Celiac disease (CD) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) are two chronic autoimmune diseases with increasing incidence worldwide. A combination of genetic, environmental and immunological factors is considered to be involved in development of the diseases, even though the exact disease mechanisms s ...
Influenza prevention and treatment by passive immunization
Influenza prevention and treatment by passive immunization

... including prevention of tetanus, auto inflammatory disorders and neutralization of snake toxins (Keller & Stiehm, 2000). Increasing knowledge led to huge technological improvement in Ab-based therapy. Direct serum transfusions or Ab filtrates have been replaced by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), pre-s ...
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating

... recruitment despite coexpression of IL-2, GIFT leads to significant functional NK cell infiltration as confirmed in NK-defective beige mice. In conclusion, we demonstrated that a fusion between GM-CSF and IL-2 can invoke greater antitumor effect than both cytokines in combination, and novel immunobi ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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