Download Transparencies for Microbiology, Fifth Edition - McGraw

Instructor’s Manual
to accompany
Laboratory Exercises in
Microbiology
Fifth Edition
John P. Harley
Eastern Kentucky University
Lansing M. Prescott
Augustana College
ii
Instructor’s Manual to accompany
MICROBIOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION
LANSING M. PRESCOTT, JOHN P. HARLEY, AND DONALD A. KLEIN
Published by McGraw-Hill Higher Education, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas,
New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The contents, or parts thereof, may be reproduced in print form solely for classroom use with MICROBIOLOGY, provided such reproductions
bear copyright notice, but may not be reproduced in any other form or for any other purpose without the prior written consent of The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
www.mhhe.com
iii
Contents
Preface .............................................................................................................................................................v
Online Learning Center ................................................................................................................................. vi
Transparencies for Microbiology, Fifth Edition ........................................................................................... vii
Correlation Guide to Microbes in Motion, III ............................................................................................ xviii
PART I
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY
The History and Scope of Microbiology .............................................................................1
The Study of Microbial Structure: Microscopy and Specimen Preparation ........................2
Procaryotic Cell Structure and Function .............................................................................4
Eucaryotic Cell Structure and Function ..............................................................................6
PART II
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
MICROBIAL NUTRITION, GROWTH, AND CONTROL
Microbial Nutrition .............................................................................................................8
Microbial Growth ..............................................................................................................10
Control of Microorganisms by Physical and Chemical Agents ........................................12
PART III
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
MICROBIAL METABOLISM
Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation ...............................................................14
Metabolism: Energy Release and Conservation ................................................................16
Metabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis ..............................................................18
PART IV
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
MICROBIAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
Genes: Structure, Replication, and Mutation ....................................................................20
Genes: Expression and Regulation ....................................................................................22
Microbial Recombination and Plasmids ...........................................................................24
PART V
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
DNA TECHNOLOGY AND GENOMICS
Recombinant DNA Technology ........................................................................................26
Microbial Genomics ..........................................................................................................28
PART VI
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
THE VIRUSES
The Viruses: Introduction and General Characteristics.....................................................29
The Viruses: Bacteriophages.............................................................................................31
The Viruses: Viruses of Eucaryotes ..................................................................................32
PART VII
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
THE DIVERSITY OF THE MICROBIAL WORLD
Microbial Taxonomy.........................................................................................................34
The Archaea ......................................................................................................................36
Bacteria: The Deinococci and Nonproteobacteria Gram Negatives ..................................37
Bacteria: The Proteobacteria .............................................................................................39
Bacteria: The Low G + C Gram Positives.........................................................................41
Bacteria: The High G + C Gram Positives ........................................................................43
The Fungi (Eumycota), Slime Molds, and Water Molds ..................................................44
The Algae ..........................................................................................................................46
The Protozoa .....................................................................................................................47
PART VIII
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
PART IX
ECOLOGY AND SYMBIOSIS
Microorganism Interactions and Microbial Ecology .........................................................49
Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments .......................................................................51
Microorganisms in Terrestrial Environments ...................................................................53
NONSPECIFIC RESISTANCE AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
iv
Chapter 31
Chapter 32
Chapter 33
Normal Microbiota and Nonspecific Host Resistance .....................................................55
Specific Immunity .............................................................................................................57
Medical Immunology ........................................................................................................59
PART X
Chapter 34
Chapter 35
Chapter 36
Chapter 37
Chapter 38
Chapter 39
Chapter 40
MICROBIAL DISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL
Pathogenicity of Microorganisms .....................................................................................61
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy ............................................................................................63
Clinical Microbiology ......................................................................................................65
The Epidemiology of Infectious Disease ..........................................................................66
Human Diseases Caused by Viruses .................................................................................67
Human Diseases Caused by Bacteria ................................................................................69
Human Diseases Caused by Fungi and Protozoa ..............................................................71
PART XI
Chapter 41
Chapter 42
FOOD AND INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
Microbiology of Food .......................................................................................................72
Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology .....................................................................74
v
Preface
This Instructor’s Manual is designed to assist instructors who use the fifth edition of Microbiology, authored by
Lansing M. Prescott, John P. Harley, and Donald A. Klein. The chapters in this manual correspond to those in the
textbook. The following features can help you as you prepare lessons, presentations, and exams:




Description of the Prescott 2002 Online Learning Center
List of transparencies
Correlation guide to Microbes in Motion, III
Chapter by chapter listing of chapter overview, chapter objectives, chapter resource guide, and
answer guidelines for critical thinking questions
A Test Item File is available to supplement this Instructor’s Manual. The Test Item File consists of approximately 60
test questions for each chapter correlated directly to the textbook material. This test item file is available on a CD
ROM or through PageOut (see the web site listed below) and is intended solely to aid you in preparing
examinations. Feel free to present the questions as they are, to modify them, to combine them, or to use them as the
basis for essays or other types of questions. Because the questions are based solely on the text, you may want to
create additional questions that incorporate lecture material or additional topics.
Additional supplementary material includes a set of 250 transparencies selected from the text illustrations and a
Visual Resource Library CD ROM that includes more than 1,000 selected illustrations from the text (including the
250 in the transparency set). The CD ROM library allows you to use the images with Power Point and incorporate
them into your lectures, exams, and special projects.
Another valuable resource for both instructors and students is the Prescott 2002 Online Learning Center. This
extensive website is described in further detail on page vi. Please visit the website to see the wide variety of teaching
and learning tools available to you and your students.
www.mhhe.com/prescott5
For additional information about our publications in the field of microbiology, visit our website at
http://www.mhhe.com/
vi
Online Learning Center
www.mhhe.com/prescott5
Through the Prescott 2002 Online Learning Center, everything you need for effective, interactive teaching and
learning is at your fingertips. Moreover, this vast McGraw-Hill resource is easily loaded into course management
systems such as WebCT or Blackboard. Through the Online Learning Center, you will also link to McGraw-Hill’s
new Biocourse.com site with a huge dynamic array of resources to supplement your learning experience in
microbiology.
Some of the online features to support your use of Microbiology by Prescott, Harley and Klein include:
For the Student:
 Additional multiple choice questions in a self-quizzing interactive format
 Electronic flashcards to review key vocabulary
 Study Outlines
 Web Links and Exercises
 Clinical Case Studies
 An Interactive Time Line detailing events and highlighting personalities critical to the development of
microbiology
 Study Tips
 Student Tutorial Service
For the Instructor:
 A complete Instructor’s Manual and Test Item File written by David Mullin of Tulane University. The
Instructor’s Manual contains chapter overviews and objectives, correlation guides, and more. The Test Item
File containing over 2500 questions, and password protected, provides a powerful instructional tool.
 The Laboratory Resource Guide provides answers to all exercises in Laboratory Exercises in
Microbiology, Fifth Edition by John Harley and Lansing Prescott.
 All images and tables from the text in an downloadable format for classroom presentation
 Correlation guides for use of all resources available with the text and to the ASM Guidelines
 Answers to Critical Thinking Questions in the text
 Web Links to active microbiology sites and to other sites with teaching resources
 A Course Consultant to answer your specific questions about using McGraw-Hill resources with your
syllabus
Visit our Information Center to view a Sample Chapter, find out What’s New in the fifth edition, read About the
Authors, learn about the Supplements, or read what others are saying about the revision of Microbiology.
For a complete listing of all student and instructor resources, visit the Student Center or the Instructor Center by
clicking on those words on the left of your screen. Student passwords are available with each new copy of
Microbiology, Fifth Edition. Instructor passwords are available from your local McGraw-Hill representative. To
locate your representative, visit our McGraw-Hill web site at http://www.mhhe.com/catalogs/rep/
vii
Transparencies for Microbiology, Fifth Edition
Trans.
No.
Figure
No.
Transparency Title
Key Word(s)
1
2.3
Bright-Field Microscope
2
2.9
Phase-Contrast Microscope
3
2.12
Fluorescence Microscopy
4
2.23
The TEM
5
3.4
Gram-Positive Cell Morphology
6
3.7
Plasma Membrane Structure
peripheral protein, integral protein
7
3.16
Peptidoglycan Subunit
N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid,
NAG, NAM
8
3.18 & 3.19a
Peptidoglycan Structure and CrossLinks
N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid,
interbridge, tetrapeptide chain
9
3.21
Gram-Positive Envelope
cell wall, peptidoglycan, teichoic acid,
lipoteichoic acid
10
3.23
Gram-Negative Envelope
cell wall,outer membrane, peptidoglycan,
periplasmic space, lipopolysaccharide, porin
11
3.24 & 3.25a
Lipopolysaccharide Structure
O side chain, core polysaccharide, Lipid A
12
3.33
Bacterial Flagella Structure
gram-negative, gram-positive, filament,
hook, basal body
13
3.35
Flagellar Motility
run, tumble
14
3.36
Mechanism of Flagellar Movement
gram-negative bacterium, basal body
15
3.41
Endospore Structure
Bacillus anthracis, endospore, exosporium,
spore coat, cortex, core wall, core
16
3.43
Endospore Formation
forespore, septum, Bacillus megaterium,
endospore
17
Table 4.2
Procaryotic and Eucaryotic Cells
genetic material, mitochondria, chloroplasts,
sterols, flagella, endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi, cell wall, organelle
18
4.3
Eucaryotic Cell Ultrastructure
organelle
19
4.10
Lysosome Function
pinocytotic vesicle, phagocytic vacuole,
autophagic vacuole, lysosome, residual body
20
4.12
Proteasome Function
ubiquitin, protein degradation
21
4.18
Eucaryotic Cell Cycle
M, mitosis, G1, S, G2
transmission electron microscope
viii
Trans.
No.
Figure
No.
Transparency Title
Key Word(s)
22
4.24b
Cilia and Flagella Structure
microtubule
23
5.2
Model of Facilitated Diffusion
membrane carrier
24
5.3
ABC Transporter Function
solute binding protein
25
5.4
Active Transport
proton gradient, sodium gradient, membrane
carrier
26
5.5
Bacterial PTS Transport
phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar
phosphotransferase
27
5.10
The Pour-Plate Technique
dilution
28
6.6
Membrane Filtration Procedure
Millipore
29
Table 6.3
Growth and Environmental Factors
solute, water activity, pH, temperature,
oxygen concentration, pressure
30
6.9 & 6.10
The Chemostat
continuous culture, dilution rate
31
6.11
The pH Scale
growth
32
6.14
Oxygen and Bacterial Growth
obligate aerobe, facultative anaerobe,
aerotolerant, anaerobe, microaerophile
33
6.19
Quorum Sensing
quorum sensing, gram-negative bacteria,
homoserine lactone, HSL
34
7.7
Disinfectants and Antiseptics
35
8.2
ATP and ADP
adenosine triphosphate, adenosine
diphosphate
36
8.7
Electron Movement and E'0 Values
reduction potential
37
8.9a,b
Structure and Function of NAD
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
38
8.17
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
39
9.3
Three Stages of Catabolism
40
9.5
Glycolysis
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
41
9.6
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
hexose monophosphate pathway
42
9.8
Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
43
9.9
NADH Oxidation in Fermentation
44
9.10
Microbial Fermentations
mixed acid fermentation, butanediol
fermentation
45
9.12
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
citric acid cycle, Krebs cycle
46
9.13
Mitochondrial ElectronTransport
Chain
electron transport
ix
Trans.
No.
Figure
No.
Transparency Title
Key Word(s)
47
9.14
Chemiosmosis in Mitochondria
electron transport
48
9.15
Respiratory Chain of E. coli
electron transport
49
9.17
Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation,
proton motive force
50
9.19a, b
ATP Synthase
oxidative phosphorylation
51
9.24
Nitrobacter Electron Transport
proton motive force
52
9.29
Green Plant Photosynthesis
electron transport, photosystem,
photophosphorylation
53
9.31 & 9.33
Bacterial Photosynthesis
purple nonsulfur bacteria, green sulfur
bacteria
54
10.4
The Calvin Cycle
photosynthesis, carbon dioxide fixation,
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase
55
10.5
Gluconeogenesis
56
10.11 &
10.12
Ammonia Incorporation
assimilation, glutamine synthetase, glutamate
synthase, transaminase
57
10.13
Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction
nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase
58
10.14 &
10.16
Nitrogen Fixation
nitrogenase
59
10.17
Organization of Anabolism
amino acid, biosynthesis
60
10.20
The Glyoxylate Cycle
malate synthase, isocitrate lyase
61
10.28
Peptidoglycan Synthesis
bactoprenol, bacitracin
62
11.6a,b
DNA Double Helix Structure
63
11.7
DNA Base Pairs
64
11.12
Rolling-Circle Replication
65
11.15
Bacterial DNA Replication
leading strand, lagging strand, RNA primer,
Okazaki fragment, DNA gyrase, helicase,
SSB
66
11.16
Replication Fork Activity
DNA replication, leading & lagging strand,
SSB, DNA polymerase, gyrase. primosome,
helicase, DNA ligase, Okazaki fragment
67
11.21
A Bacterial Structural Gene
promoter, leader, trailer, Pribnow box, ShineDalgarno sequence
68
11.30
Replica Plating
mutant, auxotroph
69
12.2
mRNA Transcription
RNA polymerase, Sigma factor, promoter
70
12.14
Initiation of Protein Synthesis
initiation factor, IF, N-formylmethionyl-
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
x
Trans.
No.
Figure
No.
Transparency Title
Key Word(s)
tRNA
71
12.15
Elongation Cycle
protein synthesis, elongation factor, EF, EFTu, EF-Ts, EF-G, translocation
72
12.17
Protein Synthesis Termination
release factor
73
12.18
Chaperones and Polypeptide Folding
GroEL, GroES, DnaK, DnaJ, chaperone
74
12.22
Gene Induction
repressor, inducer
75
12.23
Gene Repression
repressor, corepressor
76
12.27
Positive Control of lac Operon
CAP, catabolite activator protein
77
12.30
Attenuation Control
operon, tryptophan
78
12.33
Chemotaxis in E. coli
MCP, CheA, CheB, CheW, CheY
79
12.35
Cell Cycle Control in E. coli
Escherichia, cell division
80
13.4
Merozygote Production and Fate
exogenote, endogenote, merozygote
81
13.7
F Plasmid Integration
F factor
82
13.14
Bacterial Conjugation
F factor, Hfr, F+, F-, pilus
83
13.15
F’ Conjugation
84
13.16
Bacterial Transformation
plasmid
85
13.17
Mechanism of Transformation
competence
86
13.18
Lambda Phage Life Cycles
lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle, prophage,
induction
87
13.19
Generalized Transduction
bacteriophage, transducing particle, abortive
transduction
88
13.20
Specialized Transduction
prophage, temperate bacteriophage
89
13.21
Transduction by Lambda Phage
prophage, excision, defective lambda phage
90
13.22
Interrupted Mating Experiment
Hfr, conjugation
91
14.5
Southern Blotting Technique
92
14.7
Site-Directed Mutagenesis
93
14.8
The Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCR
94
14.11
Recombinant Plasmid Production
cloning, vector
95
14.14
Cloning with Plasmid Vectors
restriction enzyme, recombinant plasmid,
vector
96
14.15
Lambda Phage Use as a Vector
genomic library, recombinant
97
15.1&
DNA Sequencing
Sanger, dideoxynucleoside triphosphate,
xi
Trans.
No.
Figure
No.
Transparency Title
15.2b, c
Key Word(s)
ddATP
98
15.3
Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing
99
15.9
GeneChip Expression Array
probe, chip, microarray, genome
100
16.11 b,c
Tobacco Mosaic Virus Structure
helical capsid, TMV
101
16.13
Icosahedral Capsid Structure
penton, pentamer, hexon, hexamer, capsomer
102
16.17 b
Influenza Virus
hemagglutinin spike, neuraminidase spike
103
16.18 a, b
Vaccinia Virus
poxvirus
104
16.19 a
T4 Coliphage Structure
T-even coliphage
105
17.1
Major Bacteriophage Families
phage, family, taxonomy
106
17.3
T4 Phage Adsorption
attachment, penetration, bacteriophage
107
17.5a
Life Cycle of Bacteriophage T4
phage
108
17.10
Assembly of T4 Bacteriophage
phage
109
17.11 &
17. 13
ssDNA & RNA Phage Life Cycles
X174, replicative form, bacteriophage
110
17.18
Choice of Lysogeny or Lysis
cro protein, gpcro, lambda repressor
111
17.20
Integration of Lambda Phage
prophage, integrase
112
18.3
Major Animal Virus Families
family, taxonomy
113
18.4
Animal Virus Entry
endocytosis
114
18.5
Herpes Simplex Life Cycle
HSV-1
115
18.6
RNA Animal Virus Reproduction
picornavirus, reovirus, paramyxovirus,
orthomyxovirus, retrovirus, reverse
transcriptase
116
18.7
Influenza Virus Life Cycle
117
18.9
Release of Influenza Virus
budding
118
Table 18.2
Sites of Virus Reproduction
intracellular, RNA viruses, DNA viruses,
nucleic acid replication, capsid assembly,
budding
119
18.12
Viruses That Infect Plants
family, taxonomy
120
19.3
Universal Phylogenetic Tree
Bacteria, Archaea, taxonomy, Eucarya
121
Table 19.8
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya
comparison, nucleus, cell wall, membrane
lipid, transfer RNA, mRNA, ribosome, RNA
polymerase, metabolism
122
Table 19.9
Major Bacterial Groups
cell wall, shape, reproduction, metabolism,
xii
Trans.
No.
Figure
No.
Transparency Title
Key Word(s)
motility, appendages, endospore,
mycoplasma, gram-negative, gram-positive
123
19.13
Relatedness of Procaryotes
Bacteria, Archaea, gram-negative, grampositive, Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota
124
19.14
Phylogeny of the Archaea
Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, taxonomy
125
19.15
Phylogeny of the Bacteria
taxonomy
126
20.12
Methane Synthesis
Methanobacterium
127
Table 21.1
Photosynthetic Bacteria
green sulfur, green nonsulfur, purple sulfur,
purple nonsulfur, cyanobacteria
128
21.8a
Cyanobacterial Cell Structure
cyanobacteria
129
21.14
The Chlamydial Life Cycle
elementary body, reticulate body, EB, RB
130
21.16 a,b
Spirochete Morphology
axial fibril, protoplasmic cylinder, outer
sheath
131
22.5
Hyphomicrobium Life Cycle
swarmer
132
22.7
Caulobacter Life Cycle
swarmer
133
22.21a
Leucothrix Life Cycle
filament, rosette, gonidia
134
Table 22.6
Facultatively Anaerobic Rods
Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae,
Pasteurellaceae, gram-negative
135
22.33a
Bdellovibrio Life Cycle
136
22.35
Myxobacterial Life Cycle
myxospore, fruiting body
137
23.4
Peptidoglycan Structure
interpeptide bridge
138
23.15
Heterolactic Fermentation
phosphoketolase pathway
139
24.3a
Actinobacterial Classification
actinomycete, actinobacteria, taxonomy
140
Phylogenetic
Diagram 25
Phylogeny of the Fungi and Molds
Eumycota, slime mold, water mold,
taxonomy
141
25.3
Yeast Structure
142
25.6
Hyphal Morphology
fungi
143
25.7
Fungal Reproduction and Spores
arthrospore, chlamydospore, sporangiospore,
conidiospore, blastospore
144
25.9
Rhizopus Life Cycle
zygospore
145
25.12
Ascomycete Life Cycle
ascospore, ascocarp, ascus
146
25.13
Yeast Life Cycle
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
147
25.14
Basidiomycete Life Cycle
mushroom, basidiocarp
xiii
Trans.
No.
Figure
No.
Transparency Title
Key Word(s)
148
25.16a
Slime Mold Life Cycle
Myxomycota, plasmodial slime mold, fruiting
body
149
Phylogenetic
Diagram 26
Phylogeny of the Algae
taxonomy
150
26.1
Algal Morphology
cell organelle
151
26.5
Euglena
cell organelle
152
Phylogenetic
Diagram 27
Phylogeny of the Protozoa
taxonomy
153
27.2
Conjugation in Paramecium
macronucleus, micronucleus, protozoa
154
27.3
Representative Protozoa
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Amoeba
proteus, apicomplexa, Paramecium
caudatum
155
28.1
Microbial Interactions
mutualism, protocooperation, commensalism,
predation, parasitism, amensalism,
competition
156
28.5
Hydrothermal Vent Structure
Riftia, mutualism, sulfides, black smoker
157
28.6 b, d
The Tube Worm
Riftia, endosymbiotic bacteria, mutualism,
black smoker
158
28.18
Macrobiogeochemistry Cycles
biogeochemistry, nutrient cycling,
geochemistry
159
28.19
The Carbon Cycle in Nature
biogeochemistry, nutrient cycling,
fermentation, respiration, carbon
160
28.21
The Sulfur Cycle in Nature
biogeochemistry, nutrient cycling, sulfur
161
28.22
The Nitrogen Cycle in Nature
biogeochemistry, nutrient cycling, nitrogen
162
28.27
The Growth of Biofilms
microbial growth, layered biofilms
163
29.1
Oxygen Transfer in Water
oxygen flux, waters
164
29.3
The Winogradsky Column
microcosm, gradient, enrichment
165
29.4
The Microbial Loop
nutrient cycling, predation, trophic structure,
water
166
29.5
Thiomargarita namibiensis
nitrogen and sulfur cycles, marine
environments, largest bacterium
167
29.13
Carbon Cycling in the Ocean
nutrient cycling
168
29.20
Water Purification
drinking water
169
29.22
Multiple-Tube Water Testing
most probable number, MPN, drinking water,
water quality, presumptive test, confirmed
test
xiv
Trans.
No.
Figure
No.
Transparency Title
Key Word(s)
170
29.25 b, &
29.27
Sewage Treatment
activated sludge, aerobic secondary
treatment, trickling filter
171
30.1
Soil Oxygen Concentrations
oxygen fluxes, soils, water films, minianaerobic environments
172
30.2
The Soil Microenvironment
fungus, bacterium, protozoan, pore,
microcolony
173
30.8 b, e, g, h,
j
Root Nodule Formation
Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium,clover,roots,
nodules, nitrogen fixation, infection thread,
bacteroid, symbiosome
174
30.11
Types of Mycorrhizae
ectomycorrhizae, endomycorrhizae,
arbuscular mycorrhizae, ectendomycorrhizae
175
30.20
Agrobacterium and Crown Galls
plant tumors, Agrobacterium, Ti plasmid,
opine
176
30.23
Soil Methane Production and Use
methane, methanogenesis, methanotrophs,
hot spots, termites
177
Chapter 31
Opener
Dendritic Cell
white blood cell
178
31.2
Human Microbiota
conjunctiva, nose, mouth, oropharynx, small
intestine, large intestine, vagina, urethra,
skin, stomach, ear
179
31.3
Human Blood Cells
eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil, monocyte, T
lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, macrophage,
dendritic cell
180
31.4
Monocyte-Macrophage System
181
31.6
Lymphocyte Development
thymus, bursa of Fabricius, T cell, B cell,
bone marrow
182
31.7
Nonspecific Resistance
host defense
183
31.8
Lymphoid Tissue in Skin
keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, dendritic
cells, lymphocytes, macrophages
184
31.10
Function of MALT
mucosal-associated immunity, M cell
185
31.13
Two Complement Pathways
alternative pathway, lectin pathway
186
31.14
Membrane Attack Complex
MAC
187
31.15
Opsonization
phagocytosis
188
31.16
Phagocytosis
adhesin, macrophage, phagosome
189
31.17
Functions of Cytokines
190
31.18
Interferon Antiviral Action
xv
Trans.
No.
Figure
No.
Transparency Title
Key Word(s)
191
31.20
Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
antibody-dependent, NK cell
192
31.21
Function of Natural Killer Cells
NK cell, perforin, granzyme
193
32.1
Specific Immunity
humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity,
B cell, T cell, plasma cell, cytotoxic T cell
194
32.5
Superantigens
class II MHC, T-cell receptor
195
32.7 b, c
Immunoglobulin (Ab) Structure
Immunoglobulin G, variable domain,
constant domain, antigen-binding site, heavy
chain, light chain
196
32.15
Gene Shuffling and Ab Diversity
V exon, C exon, splicing
197
32.16 &
32.17
L and H Chain Production
V exon, C exon, J exon, D exon, splicing
198
32.18
Clonal Selection
plasma cell, memory B cell
199
32.19
Antibody Responses
primary response, secondary response, IgG,
IgM
200
32.20
Production of Monoclonal Abs
hybridoma, antibody
201
32.21
The TCR and T-cell Activation
T-cell receptor, class II MHC
202
32.24
Helper T-cell Responses
virus, macrophage, T-helper cell, plasma cell,
cytotoxic T cell, humoral immunity, cellmediated immunity
203
32.28
T-Dependent B Cell Triggering
humoral immunity, macrophage, T-helper
cell, plasma cell
204
32.29
Neutralization Reactions
toxin neutralization, antitoxin, viral
neutralization
205
32.31
Classical Complement Pathway
206
33.1
Vaccination Regimen
childhood vaccinations, hepatitis, diphtheria,
tetanus, pertussis, polio, measles, mumps,
rubella, chickenpox
207
33.2
Type I Hypersensitivity
IgE, mast cell, allergy
208
33.5
Type II Hypersensitivity
cytotoxic or cytolytic
209
33.6
Type III Hypersensitivity
immune complex
210
33.7
Type IV Hypersensitivity
delayed-type, tuberculin, poison ivy
211
33.10
Viral Hemagglutination
measles
212
33.11
Agglutination Tests
antibody titer
213
33.13
The ELISA or EIA Test
double antibody sandwich assay, indirect
immunosorbent assay
xvi
Trans.
No.
Figure
No.
Transparency Title
Key Word(s)
214
34.2
LD50 of a Pathogen
215
34.4
Type III Secretory System
Yop virulence protein
216
34.5
Exotoxin Transport Mechanisms
diphtheria toxin
217
34.7
Exotoxin Pathogenesis
218
Table 35.4
Antibacterial Drug Mechanisms
219
35.2 & Table
35.3
Kirby-Bauer Test
chemotherapeutic drugs
220
35.7
Penicillins
penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin,
methicillin, ticarcillin
221
35.14
Antiviral Drugs
amantadine, azidothymidine, AZT,
lamivudine, vidarabine, acyclovir, ritonavir,
cidofovir, foscarnet
222
36.6 a
Key to Gram-Positive Pathogens
223
36.6 b
Key to Gram-Negative Pathogens
224
37.2
Epidemics
225
37.4
Herd Immunity
226
37.5
Infectious Disease Cycle
chain of infection
227
38.1
Chickenpox
varicella
228
38.2 a, b
Varicella-Zoster Virus
chickenpox
229
38.3
Measles (Rubeola)
230
38.4
Mumps
231
38.5
German Measles (Rubella)
232
38.8
The HIV-1 Virion
AIDS, human immunodeficiency virus
233
38.9
Life Cycle of HIV-1
AIDS, human immunodeficiency virus,
reverse transcriptase
234
38.18
Rabies
235
39.1
Diphtheria Pathogenesis
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
236
39.3
Streptococcal Diseases
group A streptococcal infections
237
39.7
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
238
39.9
Plague
Yersinia pestis
239
39.18
Staphylococcal Diseases
Staphylococcus aureus
common-source epidemic, propagated
epidemic
xvii
Trans.
No.
Figure
No.
Transparency Title
Key Word(s)
240
39.21
Course of Untreated Syphilis
Treponema pallidum, chancre
241
39.24
The Septic Shock Cascade
exotoxin, endotoxin, toxic shock syndrome
toxin, toxin A
242
40.19
Malaria
Plasmodium vivax
243
41.19
Wine Making
must, fermentation, alcohol
244
41.20
Producing Beer
malt, mash, lager, hops, fermentation,
alcohol
245
42.4
Modification of Antibiotics
antibiotics, metabolic engineering,
erythromycin, enzyme blocking
246
42.7 b
Large Fermentation Unit
industrial microbiology, agitation, aeration,
microbial growth
247
42.10
Penicillin Fermentation
penicillin, fermentation, nutrient control
248
42.20
Subsurface Bioremediation
in situ, engineered bioremediation,
bioventing
249
42.21
Phytoremediation
soil, plants, rhizosphere, cometabolism,
degradation, contaminants
250
42.26
Microarrays and Gene Expression
DNA chip
xviii
Correlation Guide to Microbes in Motion, III
This correlation guide was compiled in order to assist you in integrating the information from Microbes in Motion,
III, the tutorial CD-ROM developed by WCB/McGraw-Hill, into the textual material presented in Microbiology, 5th
Edition, by Prescott, Harley, and Klein.
The list below correlates the topics from the text (in bold) with material covered in the CD-ROM (this guide lists the
book and chapter in Microbes in Motion, III). Be sure to check this correlation guide prior to reading a chapter of
Microbiology, 5th Edition, for supporting information on Microbes in Motion, III.
Chapter 2
Preparation and Staining of Specimens
Bacterial Structure & Function Book
Bacteria Groups/Introduction
Bacteria Groups/Categories
Bacteria Groups/Classification
Chapter 3
Procaryotic Cell Membranes
Bacterial Structure & Function Book
Cell Membrane
The Procaryotic Cell Wall
Bacterial Structure & Function Book
Gram Positive Cell
Gram Negative Cell
Cell Wall
Antimicrobial Action Book
Cell Wall Inhibitors
Bacterial Structure & Function Book
Cell Membrane
Components External to the Cell Wall
Bacterial Structure & Function Book
/External Structures
Chapter 4
An Overview of Eucaryotic Cell Structure
Mycology Book
/General Eucaryotic Structures
Chapter 5
The Common Nutrient Requirements
Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book
/Microbial Growth
Requirements for Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book
/Microbial Growth
Uptake of Nutrients by the Cell
Bacterial Structure & Function Book
/Cell Membrane/Transport
Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book
/Microbial Growth
/Nutrient Transport
Culture Media
Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book
/Microbial Growth/Media
Chapter 6
The Growth Curve
Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book
/Microbial Growth/Growth Curves
Measurement of Microbial Growth
Environmental Microbiology Book
/Diversity of Microorganisms/Detection in the
Environment
Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book
/Microbial Growth/Metabolic Environment
Chapter 7
Definition of Frequently Used Terms
Control/Physical & Chemical Book
/Terminology
The Use of Physical Methods in Control
Control: Physical & Chemical Book
/Terminology
/Physical Control
The Use of Chemical Agents in Control
Control: Physical & Chemical/Chemical Control
Chapter 8
The Role of ATP in Metabolism
Microbial Growth and Metabolism Book/Catabolism
xix
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Electron
Carriers
Microbial Growth and Metabolism Book
/Aerobic Respiration
/Anaerobic Respiration
Chapter 9
On Overview of Metabolism
Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book/Microbial
Metabolism
Electron Transport and Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Bacterial Structure & Function Book
/Cell Membrane
/Energy Production
/Electron Transport Chain
Chapter 10
Peptidoglycan Synthesis
Bacterial Structure & Function Book
/Cell Wall/Peptidoglycan
Patterns of Cell Wall Formation
Antimicrobial Action Book/Cell Wall Inhibitors
Chapter 11
DNA Replication
Bacterial Structure & Function Book/Internal
Structures/
/Chromosome
/Replication of Nucleus
Microbial Genetics Book/DNA
Structure
Replication
Transcription
Translation
DNA as Genetic Material
Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book/Microbial
Genetics
Microbial Genetics Book/DNA
Transcription
Translation
Microbial Genetics Book/Genetic Code
Codon usage
Structure of a gene
Mutations and Their Chemical Basis
Control: Physical & Chemical Book/Physical
Control/Radiation
Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book/Microbial
Genetics/Microbial Mutation
Microbial Genetics Book/Mutation
What are mutations?
Types of mutations
Identifying mutants
Chapter 12
Protein Synthesis
Bacterial Structure & Function Book/Internal
Structures
/Protein Synthesis
/Translation
mRNA Synthesis
Microbial Genetics Book
/Regulation
Lac operon
Induction
Catabolite repression
Tryp operon
Co-repressors
Attenuation
Positive regulation
Chapter 13
Bacterial Recombination: General Principles
Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book
Microbial Genetics/Recombination
Bacterial Plasmids
Microbial Genetics Book/Recombination/
Antimicrobial Resistance Book
/Transfer & Spread of Resistance Genes
Transposable Elements
Antimicrobial Resistance Book
/Transfer and Spread of Resistance
Genes/Transposons
Microbial Genetics Book/Transposons
Insertion elements
Composite transposons
Bacterial Conjugation
Antimicrobial Resistance Book
/Transfer and Spread of Resistance Genes/
Microbial Genetics Book/Genetic exchange in
bacteria
Conjugation
U-tube experiment
DNA Transformation
Microbial Genetics Book/Genetic exchange in
bacteria
Transformation
Griffith Experiment
Transformation in Gram Positive
bacteria
Transduction
Microbial Genetics Book/Genetic exchange in
bacteria
Transduction
Generalized transduction
Specialized transduction
xx
Chapter 14
Historical Perspectives
Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book
Microbial Genetics/Genetic Engineering
The Polymerase Chain Reaction
Virology Book/Viral Detection/Direct
Detection Nucleic Acid
Preparation of Recombinant DNA
Microbial Genetics Book /Biotechnology
Southern blots
Restriction enzymes
Recombinant molecules
Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book
Microbial Genetics/Recombination
Applications of Genetic Engineering
Microbial Genetics Book/Biotechnology
Finding the right clone
Examples of cloning
Chapter 15
Microbial Genetics Book/Genomics
Chapter 16
General Properties of Viruses
Virology Book/Viral Structure/Virus Taxonomy
The Cultivation of Viruses
Virology Book
/Viral Detection/Culture
/Viral Pathogenesis/Host Cell Damage
The Structure of Viruses
Virology Book/Viral Structure/Virus Structure and
Shape
Principles of Virus Taxonomy
Virology Book/Viral Structure/Virus Taxonomy
Chapter 18
Classification of Animal Viruses
Virology Book/Viral Structure/Virus Taxonomy
Reproduction of Animal Viruses
Virology Book
/Viral Invasion/Virus Adsorption & Virus
Penetration/Replication and Transcription in
DNA Viruses
/Viral Replication/DNA Virus Replication
/Viral Replication/RNA Virus Replication
Virology/Viral Assembly/Virion Release
Chapter 19
Microbial Evolution and Diversity
Environmental Microbiology Book/Diversity of
Microorganisms
The Major Divisions of Life
Environmental Microbiology Book/Diversity of
Microorganisms
Chapter 20
Introduction to the Archaea
Environmental Microbiology Book/Diversity of
Microorganisms/Archaea
Cranarchaeota
Environmental Microbiology Book/Diversity of
Microorganisms/Archaea
Chapter 21
Aquificae and the Termotogae
Environmental Microbiology Book/Diversity of
Microorganisms/Archaea
Photosynthetic Bacteria
Environmental Microbiology Book/Aquatic Habitats
/Freshwater
Phylum Planctomycetes
Miscellaneous Bacteria Book/Chlamydia
Phylum Spirochaetes
Bacterial Structure & Function Book
/External Structures/Flagella
/Cell Wall/Bacteria Shapes
Miscellaneous Bacteria Book
/Treponemes
/Zoonoses/Borrelia
/Zoonoses/Leptospira
Phylum Bacteroidetes
Environmental Microbiology Book/Aquatic Habitats
/Freshwater
Chapter 22
Class Alphaproteobacteria
Miscellaneous Bacteria Book/Zoonoses/Rickettsia
Environmental Microbiology Book
/Aquatic Habitats/Freshwater
/Terrestrial Habitats/Soil Microorganisms
Class Betaproteobacteria
Environmental Microbiology Book/Diversity of
Microorganisms/Culture Independent Detection
Class Gammaproteobacteria
Environmental Microbiology Book/Aquatic
Habitats/Freshwater/
Gram Negative Bacteria Book/Gram Negative
Bacilli: Aerobes
/Pseudomonas
/Burkholderia
Gram Negative Bacteria Book/Gram Negative
Bacilli: Facultative Anaerobes
/Vibrionaceae
/Enterobacteriaceae/
Environmental Microbiology Book/Aquatic
Habitats/Marine
xxi
The Deltaproteobacteria
Environmental Microbiology Book/Terrestrial
Habitats
/Predatory Bacteria
/Soil Microorganisms
Environmental Microbiology Book/Diversity of
Microorganisms/Culture Independent Detection
Chapter 23
Class Mollicutes (the Mycoplasmas)
Miscellaneous Bacteria Book/Mycoplasma
Low G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria
Gram Positive Bacteria Book/Gram Positive
Bacilli/Bacillus
Class Clostridia
Anaerobic Bacteria Book/Gram Positive
Bacilli/Spore Forming Anaerobes
Class Bacilli
Gram Positive Bacteria Book
/Gram Positive Bacilli/Bacillus
/Gram Positive Cocci: Streptococcus
Chapter 24
High C+G Gram-Positive Bacteria
Anaerobic Bacteria Book/Gram Positive Bacilli/Nonspore Forming Anaerobes
Gram Positive Bacteria Book/Gram Positive
Bacilli/Corynebacterium/
Miscellaneous Bacteria Book/Mycobacteria
Chapter 25
Structure
Mycology Book/General Eucaryotic
Structures/Specific Fungal Features
Reproduction
Mycology Book/Metabolism & Growth
Chapter/Fungal Reproduction
Characteristics of the Fungal Divisions
Mycology Book/Taxonomy &
Nomenclature/Taxonomy-Morphology
Chapter 27
Representative Types
Parasitology Book/Protozoa Classification
/Flagellated Protozoa
/Amoeboid Protozoa
/Sporozoan Protozoa
/Ciliated Protozoa
Chapter 28
Microbial Interactions
Environmental Microbiology Book
/Microbial Ecology/Symbiosis
/Aquatic Habitats/Vents
Nutrient Cycling Interactions
Environmental Microbiology Book
/Biogeochemical Recycling/Introduction,
Habitat
/Biogeochemical Recycling/Carbon Cycle
/Biogeochemical Recycling/Sulfur Cycle
/Biogeochemical Recycling/ Nitrogen Cycle
Physical Environment
Environmental Microbiology
Book/Diversity/Detection in the Environment
Microbial Metabolism and Growth Book/Microbial
Growth/ Metabolic Environment
Chapter 29
Aquatic Environments and Microorganisms
Environmental Microbiology Book
/Aquatic Habitats/Freshwater
/Aquatic Habitats/Marine, Deep Sea
Environmental Microbiology Book
/Microbial Ecology/Biofilms
/Microbial Ecology/Microbial Mats
Marine Environments
Environmental Microbiology/Aquatic
Habitats/Marine, Deep Sea
Freshwater Environments
Environmental Microbiology/Aquatic
Habitats/Freshwater
Groundwater Quality and Home Treatment
Systems
Environmental Microbiology Book
/Harness for Production/Solid Waste
Treatment
/Harness for Production/Water Purification
Parasitology Book
/Protozoa Classification/Sporozoan Protozoa
/Intestinal Protozoa
Chapter 30
Soil as an Environments for Microorganisms
Environmental Microbiology Book/
Terrestrial Habitats/Introduction
Terrestrial Habitats/Soil Microorganisms
Chapter 31
Distribution of the Normal Microbiotia of the
Human Body
Microbial Pathogenesis Book/Nonspecific Host
Defense/Normal Flora
Cells, Tissues and Organs of the Immune System
Immunology Book/Organs, Cells, and Cytokines/The
Lymphocyte Family
Cytokines
Immunology Book/Organs, Cells, and
Cytokines/Cytokines
xxii
Chapter 32
Antigens
Immunology Book/Antigens &
Immunogenicity/Antigens, Immunogens, &
Tolerogens
Antibodies
Immunology Book/Antibodies
/Antibody Structure
/Immunoglobulin Biosynthesis
/Antibody Classes
Immunology Book
/Acquired (Specific) Immunity/Two Arms of
the Immune Response
/The Humoral Immune Response/Primary &
Secondary Antibody Responses
B-Cell Biology
Immunology Book/The Humoral Immune
Response/Helper T Cell Activation, B Cell
Activation
T-Cell Biology
Immunology Book/The Humoral Response
/Helper T Cell Activation
/B Cell Activation
/Antigen Processing & Presentation
Immunology Book
/Organs, Cells, and Cytokines/Lymphocytes
/Antigens & Immunogenicity/The Major
Histocompatibility Complex
/Cell-Mediated Immunity/T Cell Activation,
Cytotoxic T Cells
/Acquired (Specific) Immunity/The Two Arms
of the Immune Response
Chapter 33
Vaccines and Immunizations
Vaccines Book
/Vaccine Development/Terminology,
Composition
/Immunization Schedules
Immune Disorders
Immunology Book
/Immune Injury & Hypersensitivity/Microbes,
Hypersensitivity and Autoimmune Disease
/Immunodeficiency/Congenital (Primary)
Immunodeficiency
/Immunodeficiency /Acquired (Secondary)
Immunodeficiency
Antigen-Antibody Interactions
Microbial Pathogenesis Book/Nonspecific Host
Defense/Cellular Defenses & Phagocytosis
Immunology Book
/Antibody-Mediated Reactions/Complement
/Antibody-Mediated Reactions/Agglutination,
Opsonization, and Neutralization
/Immunodetection/Antibody Detection
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Vitro
Virology Book
/Viral Detection/Antigen, Antibody Detection
Immunology
/Immunodetection
/Immunodetection/Antibody Detection
/Antibody-Mediated Reactions/Agglutination,
Opsonization, and Neutralization
Chapter 34
Host-Parasite Relationships
Microbial Pathogenesis/Principles of Pathogenicity
Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases
Virology Book
/Viral Pathogenesis
/Viral Structure and Function/Viral Invasion,
Virus Adsorption
Pathogenesis of Bacterial Diseases
Microbial Pathogenesis Book
/Adherence/Adherence Mechanisms,
Receptors
/Toxins/Exotoxins
Microbial Mechanism for Evading Host Defense
Microbial Pathogenesis Book/Antiphagocytic Factors
Immunology Book/Innate (Non-specific) Immunity
/Mechanical & Chemical Control
/Cellular Defenses & Phagocytosis
Chapter 35
Determining the Level of Antimicrobial Activity
Antimicrobial Action Book/Antibiotic Susceptibility
Testing
Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Agents
Antimicrobial Action Book
/Agents Affecting Enzymes
/Agents Affecting Nucleic Acids
/Cell Wall Inhibitors
/Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Antimicrobial Resistance Book
Antifungal Drugs
Mycology Book/Diseases/Antifungal Therapy
Antiviral Drugs
Virology Book/Viral Disease/Viral Therapy
Chapter 36
Identification of Microorganisms from Specimens
Anaerobic Bacteria/Anaerobic Characteristics
Virology/Viral Detection/Direct Detection
Immunology/Immunodetection/Antibody Detection
Chapter 37
Epidemiology Book (entire book, especially the
chapters on Terminology, Disease Acquisition, and
Transmission)
xxiii
Chapter 38
Airborne Diseases
Virology Book/Viral Disease
/Entry and Spread
/Skin & Soft Tissue Disease
/CNS Disease
Direct Contact Diseases
Virology Book/Viral Disease
/CNS Disease
/Genital Tract Disease
/Skin & Soft Tissue Disease
/Blood Disease
/Gastrointestinal Disease
Virology Book/Viral Replication/RNA Virus
Replication
Immunology Book/Immunodeficiency/Immunology
of HIV/AIDS
Chapter 39
Airborne Diseases
Gram Negative Bacteria Book/Gram Negative
Bacilli: Aerobes/Legionella
Gram Positive Bacteria Book
/Gram Positive Bacilli/Corynebacterium
/Gram Postive Streptococci/Streptococci Virulence Factors
/Gram Postive Streptococci/Streptococci Streptococci Diseases
Miscellaneous Bacteria Book
Mycobacteria–Diseases
Microbial Pathogenesis Book/Toxins/Exotoxins
Arthropod-Borne Diseases
Miscellaneous Bacteria Book/Zoonoses
/Borrelia
/Yersinia
Direct Contact Diseases
Gram Positive Bacteria Book
/Gram Positive Staphylococci/Virulence
Factors, Diseases
/Gram Positive Bacilli
/Gram Positive Streptococci
Anaerobic Bacteria Book
/Gram Positive Bacilli/Spore Forming
Anaerobes
/Gram Negative Bacilli/Porphyromonas
Gram Negative Bacteria Book
/Gram Negative Bacilli
/Bacilli - Facultative Anaerobes/Vibrionaceae,
Spirillaceae
/Gram Negative Cocci/Neisseria
Miscellaneous Bacteria Book
/Treponemes/Diseases
/Mycobacteria Chapter/Diseases
/Toxins/Exotoxins
/Chlamydia/Diseases
Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases
Microbial Pathogenesis/Toxins/Exotoxins
Anaerobic Bacteria Book/Gram Positive
Bacilli/Spore Forming Anaerobes
Gram Negative Bacteria/Gram Negative Bacilli
/Spirillaceae
/Enterobacteriaceae
Sepsis and Septic Shock
Microbial Pathogenesis/Toxins/Endotoxins
Chapter 40
Fungal Diseases
Mycology Book/Diseases
Protozoan Diseases (p. 821)
Parasitology Book
/Intestinal Protozoa
/Tissue and Blood Protozoa
Chapter 41
Controlling Food Spoilage
Control: Physical and Chemical Book/Physical
Control
Foodborne Diseases
Gram Negative Bacteria/Facultative Anaerobes
/Enterobacteriaceae
/Spirillaceae
Gram Positive Bacteria/Gram Positive Bacilli
/Listeria
/Bacillus
/Spore Forming Anaerobes
Chapter 42
Choosing Microorganisms for Industrial
Microbiology
Microbial Genetics Book /Biotechnology
Recombinant molecules
Finding the right clone
Major Products of Industrial Microbiology
Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book/Microbial
Genetics/Recombination
Microbial Genetics Book /Biotechnology/Examples
of cloning
24
McGraw-Hill Higher Education
A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies
Instructor’s Manual to accompany Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology, Fifth Edition
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The contents of, or parts thereof, may be reproduced for use with Laboratory Exercises in
Microbiology, Fifth Edition by John Harley and Lansing Prescott, provided such
reproductions bear copyright notice and may not be reproduced in any form for any other
purpose without permission of the publisher.
www.mhhe.com
25
Contents
1. Bright-Field Light Microscope ..................................................................................................................................... 1
2. The Hanging Drop Slide and Bacterial Motility .......................................................................................................... 3
3. Dark-Field Light Microscope ...................................................................................................................... 4
4. Phase-Contrast Light Microscope ............................................................................................................... 5
5. Fluorescence Microscope ............................................................................................................................ 6
6. Negative Staining ......................................................................................................................................... 7
7. Smear Preparation and Simple Staining ...................................................................................................... 8
8. Gram Stain.................................................................................................................................................... 9
9. Acid-Fast Staining (Ziehl-Neelsen and Kinyoun) Procedures ................................................................. 10
10. Endospore Staining (Schaeffer-Fulton or Wirtz-Conklin) Procedure ...................................................... 11
11. Capsule Staining......................................................................................................................................... 12
12. Flagella Staining: West and Difco’s SpotTest Methods ........................................................................... 13
13. Microbiological Culture Media Preparation and Sterilization.................................................................. 14
14. Culture Transfer Instruments, Techniques and Isolation of Pure Cultures and Their
Maintenance ....................................................................................................................................................... 15
15. Spread-Plate Technique ............................................................................................................................. 17
16. The Streak-Plate Technique and Differential Media ................................................................................ 18
17. Pour-Plate Technique ................................................................................................................................. 19
18. Cultivation of Anaerobic Bacteria ............................................................................................................. 20
19. Determination of Bacterial Numbers......................................................................................................... 21
20. Carbohydrates I: Fermentation and Beta-Galactosidase Activity ............................................................ 23
21. Carbohydrates II: Triple Sugar Iron Agar Test ......................................................................................... 24
22. Carbohydrates III: Starch Hydrolysis ........................................................................................................ 25
23. Lipids: Lipid Hydrolysis ............................................................................................................................ 26
24. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes I: Hydrogen Sulfide Production and Motility ............................. 27
25. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes II: The IMViC Tests .................................................................... 28
26. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes III: Casein Hydrolysis .................................................................. 29
27. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes IV: Gelatin Hydrolysis ................................................................. 30
28. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes V: Catalase Activity ..................................................................... 31
29. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes VI: Coagulase and DNase Activity ............................................. 32
30. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes VII: Oxidase Test ......................................................................... 33
31. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes VIII: Urease Activity ................................................................... 34
32. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes IX: Lysine and Ornithine Decarboxylase Test............................ 35
33. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes X: Phenylalanine Deamination .................................................... 36
34. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes XI: Nitrate Reduction................................................................... 37
35. The API 20E System.................................................................................................................................. 38
36. The Enterotube II System .......................................................................................................................... 39
37. Using Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology to Identify Bacteria ................................................ 40
38. General Unknown ...................................................................................................................................... 41
39. Temperature ............................................................................................................................................... 42
40. pH ............................................................................................................................................................... 43
41. Osmotic Pressure........................................................................................................................................ 44
42. The Effects of Chemical Agents on Bacteria I: Disinfectants .................................................................. 45
43. The Effects of Chemical Agents on Bacteria II: Antimicrobial Agents (Kirby-Bauer Method)............. 46
44. Hand Washing, Environmental Sampling, and Microbiological Monitoring .......................................... 47
45. Determination of a Bacterial Growth Curve: Classical and Two-Hour Methods .................................... 48
26
Contents (continued)
46. Standard Coliform Most Probable Number (MPN) Test and Presence-Absence
Coliform Test ........................................................................................................................................... 49
47. Membrane Filter Technique for Coliforms and Fecal Streptococci; KONFIRM Test for
Fecal Coliforms ........................................................................................................................................ 50
48. Isolation of Escherichia coli Bacteriophages from Sewage and Determining
Bacteriophage Titers ................................................................................................................................ 51
49. Enumeration of Soil Microorganisms ....................................................................................................... 52
50. Bacterial Count of a Food Product ............................................................................................................ 53
51. Examination of Milk for Bacteria .............................................................................................................. 54
52. Agglutination Reactions: Blood Groups ................................................................................................... 55
53. Isolation of Normal Microbiota from the Human Body ........................................................................... 56
54. Staphylococci ............................................................................................................................................. 57
55. Pneumococci .............................................................................................................................................. 58
56. Streptococci ................................................................................................................................................ 59
57. Neisseriae ................................................................................................................................................... 60
58. Aerobic and Anaerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria .............................................................................. 61
59. Fungi I: Yeasts ........................................................................................................................................... 62
60. Fungi II: Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes ................................................................... 63
61. Bacterial Mutation...................................................................................................................................... 64
62. Bacterial Transformation ........................................................................................................................... 65
63. Bacterial Conjugation: The Transfer of Antibiotic Resistant Plasmids.................................................... 66
64. Isolation of Genomic DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisae .................................................................... 67
65. Isolation and Purification of Genomic DNA from Escherichia coli ........................................................ 68
66. Identifying Archaea and Bacteria Using the Internet and Computer-Assisted
Gene Analysis .......................................................................................................................................... 69
Appendix A:
Appendix B:
Appendix C:
Appendix D:
Appendix E:
Appendix F:
Appendix G:
Appendix H:
Appendix I:
Appendix J:
Appendix K:
Appendix L:
Laboratory Supply Houses ...................................................................................................................... 70
Reagents, Solutions, Stains, and Tests .................................................................................................... 71
Culture Media .......................................................................................................................................... 76
General Film Directory Index ................................................................................................................. 84
Consortium of University Film Centers .................................................................................................. 86
Commercially Prepared Chemical and Immunologic Reagents, Kits,
and Prepared Microscopic Slides ............................................................................................................ 89
Culture and Assay Media, and Special or Environmental Growth Components ................................... 90
Inorganic and Organic Chemicals ........................................................................................................... 91
Microorganisms ....................................................................................................................................... 92
General Laboratory Supplies ................................................................................................................... 93
Basic Laboratory Equipment ................................................................................................................... 94
Identibacter interactus Unknowns and Laboratory Tests ...................................................................... 95
Note to Instructors: The answers given for the review questions in the laboratory manual may, in many
cases, not be the only possible answers or interpretations a diligent student might formulate. Therefore, our
objective is to indicate what answers are most likely to be given by the students.