Download 微生物學教材2

微生物學的歷史基礎
•總結微生物學過去300年的早期歷史中，
Chapter 1
最突出的發明是：顯微鏡。
•科學方法的提升和醫學微生物學的發展，
The History and Scope of
Microbiology
part B
Joanne M. Willey, Linda M. Sherwood, Christopher J. Woolverton, Prescott’s Principles of Microbiology, 1st ed., McGraw-Hill, 2009
包括病原菌理論和現代微生物技術的起
源。
1
The Conflict over
Spontaneous Generation
(自然生成說的爭執)
Discovery of Microorganisms
•
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Antony van Leeuwenhoek (16321723)
– first person to observe and
describe microorganisms
accurately
• spontaneous generation
– living organisms can develop from
nonliving or decomposing matter
• 雷文霍克是一位荷蘭亞麻布
商人和白手起家的微生物學
• Francesco Redi (1626-1697)
家，那時顯微鏡的原始目的
– disproved spontaneous generation for
large animals
– showed that maggots on decaying meat
came from fly eggs (腐肉與蒼蠅)
是要檢查布的瑕疵，但雷文
霍克將其很好的轉換到其他
用途 。
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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
巴斯德
• his experiments
• 貢獻
– 巴斯得消毒法
– 發明炭疽病及狂犬病疫苗
– 以隔離法杜絕傳染病
– placed nutrient solution in flasks
– created flasks with long, curved necks
– boiled the solutions
– left flasks exposed to air
• results: no growth of microorganisms
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The golden age of microbiology
(1857-1914)
The Development of Industrial
Microbiology and Microbial
Ecology
• Many disease producing organisms
discovered
• Microbial metabolism studies undertaken
• Microbiological techniques refined
• A better understanding of the role of
immunity and ways to control and
prevent infection by microbes
• Louis Pasteur
– demonstrated that alcohol
fermentations and other fermentations
were the result of microbial activity
– developed the process of pasteurization
to preserve wine during storage
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Koch’s postulates (科霍假說)
The Development of
Techniques for Studying
Microbial Pathogens
• The microorganism must be present in every case of
the disease but absent from healthy individuals.
(相同傳染病的宿主內，應有相同之致病原)
• The suspected microorganism must be isolated and
grown in a pure culture.
(此病原菌可由病患宿主中分離並純化)
• The same disease must result when the isolated
microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host.
(分離的病原菌應可使健康宿主患病)
• The same microorganism must be isolated again
from the diseased host.
(此患病宿主可再分離出相同之致病原)
• Koch’s work led to discovery or
development of (發明固體培養基):
– agar
– petri dish
– nutrient broth and nutrient agar
– methods for isolating microorganisms
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The Future of Microbiology:
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More challenges and
opportunities…
Challenges and opportunities for
future microbiologists
•
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•
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• infectious disease
• new and improved industrial processes
• microbial diversity and microbial ecology
– less than 1% of earth’s microbial population
has been cultured
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biofilms
genome analysis (基因分析)
microbes as model systems
assessment of implications of new
discoveries and technologies
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