Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Instructor’s Manual to accompany Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology Fifth Edition John P. Harley Eastern Kentucky University Lansing M. Prescott Augustana College ii Instructor’s Manual to accompany MICROBIOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION LANSING M. PRESCOTT, JOHN P. HARLEY, AND DONALD A. KLEIN Published by McGraw-Hill Higher Education, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The contents, or parts thereof, may be reproduced in print form solely for classroom use with MICROBIOLOGY, provided such reproductions bear copyright notice, but may not be reproduced in any other form or for any other purpose without the prior written consent of The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. www.mhhe.com iii Contents Preface .............................................................................................................................................................v Online Learning Center ................................................................................................................................. vi Transparencies for Microbiology, Fifth Edition ........................................................................................... vii Correlation Guide to Microbes in Motion, III ............................................................................................ xviii PART I Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY The History and Scope of Microbiology .............................................................................1 The Study of Microbial Structure: Microscopy and Specimen Preparation ........................2 Procaryotic Cell Structure and Function .............................................................................4 Eucaryotic Cell Structure and Function ..............................................................................6 PART II Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 MICROBIAL NUTRITION, GROWTH, AND CONTROL Microbial Nutrition .............................................................................................................8 Microbial Growth ..............................................................................................................10 Control of Microorganisms by Physical and Chemical Agents ........................................12 PART III Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 MICROBIAL METABOLISM Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation ...............................................................14 Metabolism: Energy Release and Conservation ................................................................16 Metabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis ..............................................................18 PART IV Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 MICROBIAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS Genes: Structure, Replication, and Mutation ....................................................................20 Genes: Expression and Regulation ....................................................................................22 Microbial Recombination and Plasmids ...........................................................................24 PART V Chapter 14 Chapter 15 DNA TECHNOLOGY AND GENOMICS Recombinant DNA Technology ........................................................................................26 Microbial Genomics ..........................................................................................................28 PART VI Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 THE VIRUSES The Viruses: Introduction and General Characteristics.....................................................29 The Viruses: Bacteriophages.............................................................................................31 The Viruses: Viruses of Eucaryotes ..................................................................................32 PART VII Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 THE DIVERSITY OF THE MICROBIAL WORLD Microbial Taxonomy.........................................................................................................34 The Archaea ......................................................................................................................36 Bacteria: The Deinococci and Nonproteobacteria Gram Negatives ..................................37 Bacteria: The Proteobacteria .............................................................................................39 Bacteria: The Low G + C Gram Positives.........................................................................41 Bacteria: The High G + C Gram Positives ........................................................................43 The Fungi (Eumycota), Slime Molds, and Water Molds ..................................................44 The Algae ..........................................................................................................................46 The Protozoa .....................................................................................................................47 PART VIII Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 PART IX ECOLOGY AND SYMBIOSIS Microorganism Interactions and Microbial Ecology .........................................................49 Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments .......................................................................51 Microorganisms in Terrestrial Environments ...................................................................53 NONSPECIFIC RESISTANCE AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE iv Chapter 31 Chapter 32 Chapter 33 Normal Microbiota and Nonspecific Host Resistance .....................................................55 Specific Immunity .............................................................................................................57 Medical Immunology ........................................................................................................59 PART X Chapter 34 Chapter 35 Chapter 36 Chapter 37 Chapter 38 Chapter 39 Chapter 40 MICROBIAL DISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL Pathogenicity of Microorganisms .....................................................................................61 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy ............................................................................................63 Clinical Microbiology ......................................................................................................65 The Epidemiology of Infectious Disease ..........................................................................66 Human Diseases Caused by Viruses .................................................................................67 Human Diseases Caused by Bacteria ................................................................................69 Human Diseases Caused by Fungi and Protozoa ..............................................................71 PART XI Chapter 41 Chapter 42 FOOD AND INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY Microbiology of Food .......................................................................................................72 Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology .....................................................................74 v Preface This Instructor’s Manual is designed to assist instructors who use the fifth edition of Microbiology, authored by Lansing M. Prescott, John P. Harley, and Donald A. Klein. The chapters in this manual correspond to those in the textbook. The following features can help you as you prepare lessons, presentations, and exams: Description of the Prescott 2002 Online Learning Center List of transparencies Correlation guide to Microbes in Motion, III Chapter by chapter listing of chapter overview, chapter objectives, chapter resource guide, and answer guidelines for critical thinking questions A Test Item File is available to supplement this Instructor’s Manual. The Test Item File consists of approximately 60 test questions for each chapter correlated directly to the textbook material. This test item file is available on a CD ROM or through PageOut (see the web site listed below) and is intended solely to aid you in preparing examinations. Feel free to present the questions as they are, to modify them, to combine them, or to use them as the basis for essays or other types of questions. Because the questions are based solely on the text, you may want to create additional questions that incorporate lecture material or additional topics. Additional supplementary material includes a set of 250 transparencies selected from the text illustrations and a Visual Resource Library CD ROM that includes more than 1,000 selected illustrations from the text (including the 250 in the transparency set). The CD ROM library allows you to use the images with Power Point and incorporate them into your lectures, exams, and special projects. Another valuable resource for both instructors and students is the Prescott 2002 Online Learning Center. This extensive website is described in further detail on page vi. Please visit the website to see the wide variety of teaching and learning tools available to you and your students. www.mhhe.com/prescott5 For additional information about our publications in the field of microbiology, visit our website at http://www.mhhe.com/ vi Online Learning Center www.mhhe.com/prescott5 Through the Prescott 2002 Online Learning Center, everything you need for effective, interactive teaching and learning is at your fingertips. Moreover, this vast McGraw-Hill resource is easily loaded into course management systems such as WebCT or Blackboard. Through the Online Learning Center, you will also link to McGraw-Hill’s new Biocourse.com site with a huge dynamic array of resources to supplement your learning experience in microbiology. Some of the online features to support your use of Microbiology by Prescott, Harley and Klein include: For the Student: Additional multiple choice questions in a self-quizzing interactive format Electronic flashcards to review key vocabulary Study Outlines Web Links and Exercises Clinical Case Studies An Interactive Time Line detailing events and highlighting personalities critical to the development of microbiology Study Tips Student Tutorial Service For the Instructor: A complete Instructor’s Manual and Test Item File written by David Mullin of Tulane University. The Instructor’s Manual contains chapter overviews and objectives, correlation guides, and more. The Test Item File containing over 2500 questions, and password protected, provides a powerful instructional tool. The Laboratory Resource Guide provides answers to all exercises in Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology, Fifth Edition by John Harley and Lansing Prescott. All images and tables from the text in an downloadable format for classroom presentation Correlation guides for use of all resources available with the text and to the ASM Guidelines Answers to Critical Thinking Questions in the text Web Links to active microbiology sites and to other sites with teaching resources A Course Consultant to answer your specific questions about using McGraw-Hill resources with your syllabus Visit our Information Center to view a Sample Chapter, find out What’s New in the fifth edition, read About the Authors, learn about the Supplements, or read what others are saying about the revision of Microbiology. For a complete listing of all student and instructor resources, visit the Student Center or the Instructor Center by clicking on those words on the left of your screen. Student passwords are available with each new copy of Microbiology, Fifth Edition. Instructor passwords are available from your local McGraw-Hill representative. To locate your representative, visit our McGraw-Hill web site at http://www.mhhe.com/catalogs/rep/ vii Transparencies for Microbiology, Fifth Edition Trans. No. Figure No. Transparency Title Key Word(s) 1 2.3 Bright-Field Microscope 2 2.9 Phase-Contrast Microscope 3 2.12 Fluorescence Microscopy 4 2.23 The TEM 5 3.4 Gram-Positive Cell Morphology 6 3.7 Plasma Membrane Structure peripheral protein, integral protein 7 3.16 Peptidoglycan Subunit N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, NAG, NAM 8 3.18 & 3.19a Peptidoglycan Structure and CrossLinks N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, interbridge, tetrapeptide chain 9 3.21 Gram-Positive Envelope cell wall, peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acid 10 3.23 Gram-Negative Envelope cell wall,outer membrane, peptidoglycan, periplasmic space, lipopolysaccharide, porin 11 3.24 & 3.25a Lipopolysaccharide Structure O side chain, core polysaccharide, Lipid A 12 3.33 Bacterial Flagella Structure gram-negative, gram-positive, filament, hook, basal body 13 3.35 Flagellar Motility run, tumble 14 3.36 Mechanism of Flagellar Movement gram-negative bacterium, basal body 15 3.41 Endospore Structure Bacillus anthracis, endospore, exosporium, spore coat, cortex, core wall, core 16 3.43 Endospore Formation forespore, septum, Bacillus megaterium, endospore 17 Table 4.2 Procaryotic and Eucaryotic Cells genetic material, mitochondria, chloroplasts, sterols, flagella, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, cell wall, organelle 18 4.3 Eucaryotic Cell Ultrastructure organelle 19 4.10 Lysosome Function pinocytotic vesicle, phagocytic vacuole, autophagic vacuole, lysosome, residual body 20 4.12 Proteasome Function ubiquitin, protein degradation 21 4.18 Eucaryotic Cell Cycle M, mitosis, G1, S, G2 transmission electron microscope viii Trans. No. Figure No. Transparency Title Key Word(s) 22 4.24b Cilia and Flagella Structure microtubule 23 5.2 Model of Facilitated Diffusion membrane carrier 24 5.3 ABC Transporter Function solute binding protein 25 5.4 Active Transport proton gradient, sodium gradient, membrane carrier 26 5.5 Bacterial PTS Transport phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase 27 5.10 The Pour-Plate Technique dilution 28 6.6 Membrane Filtration Procedure Millipore 29 Table 6.3 Growth and Environmental Factors solute, water activity, pH, temperature, oxygen concentration, pressure 30 6.9 & 6.10 The Chemostat continuous culture, dilution rate 31 6.11 The pH Scale growth 32 6.14 Oxygen and Bacterial Growth obligate aerobe, facultative anaerobe, aerotolerant, anaerobe, microaerophile 33 6.19 Quorum Sensing quorum sensing, gram-negative bacteria, homoserine lactone, HSL 34 7.7 Disinfectants and Antiseptics 35 8.2 ATP and ADP adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate 36 8.7 Electron Movement and E'0 Values reduction potential 37 8.9a,b Structure and Function of NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 38 8.17 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 39 9.3 Three Stages of Catabolism 40 9.5 Glycolysis Embden-Meyerhof pathway 41 9.6 Pentose Phosphate Pathway hexose monophosphate pathway 42 9.8 Entner-Doudoroff Pathway 43 9.9 NADH Oxidation in Fermentation 44 9.10 Microbial Fermentations mixed acid fermentation, butanediol fermentation 45 9.12 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle citric acid cycle, Krebs cycle 46 9.13 Mitochondrial ElectronTransport Chain electron transport ix Trans. No. Figure No. Transparency Title Key Word(s) 47 9.14 Chemiosmosis in Mitochondria electron transport 48 9.15 Respiratory Chain of E. coli electron transport 49 9.17 Chemiosmotic Hypothesis electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, proton motive force 50 9.19a, b ATP Synthase oxidative phosphorylation 51 9.24 Nitrobacter Electron Transport proton motive force 52 9.29 Green Plant Photosynthesis electron transport, photosystem, photophosphorylation 53 9.31 & 9.33 Bacterial Photosynthesis purple nonsulfur bacteria, green sulfur bacteria 54 10.4 The Calvin Cycle photosynthesis, carbon dioxide fixation, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase 55 10.5 Gluconeogenesis 56 10.11 & 10.12 Ammonia Incorporation assimilation, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, transaminase 57 10.13 Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase 58 10.14 & 10.16 Nitrogen Fixation nitrogenase 59 10.17 Organization of Anabolism amino acid, biosynthesis 60 10.20 The Glyoxylate Cycle malate synthase, isocitrate lyase 61 10.28 Peptidoglycan Synthesis bactoprenol, bacitracin 62 11.6a,b DNA Double Helix Structure 63 11.7 DNA Base Pairs 64 11.12 Rolling-Circle Replication 65 11.15 Bacterial DNA Replication leading strand, lagging strand, RNA primer, Okazaki fragment, DNA gyrase, helicase, SSB 66 11.16 Replication Fork Activity DNA replication, leading & lagging strand, SSB, DNA polymerase, gyrase. primosome, helicase, DNA ligase, Okazaki fragment 67 11.21 A Bacterial Structural Gene promoter, leader, trailer, Pribnow box, ShineDalgarno sequence 68 11.30 Replica Plating mutant, auxotroph 69 12.2 mRNA Transcription RNA polymerase, Sigma factor, promoter 70 12.14 Initiation of Protein Synthesis initiation factor, IF, N-formylmethionyl- adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine x Trans. No. Figure No. Transparency Title Key Word(s) tRNA 71 12.15 Elongation Cycle protein synthesis, elongation factor, EF, EFTu, EF-Ts, EF-G, translocation 72 12.17 Protein Synthesis Termination release factor 73 12.18 Chaperones and Polypeptide Folding GroEL, GroES, DnaK, DnaJ, chaperone 74 12.22 Gene Induction repressor, inducer 75 12.23 Gene Repression repressor, corepressor 76 12.27 Positive Control of lac Operon CAP, catabolite activator protein 77 12.30 Attenuation Control operon, tryptophan 78 12.33 Chemotaxis in E. coli MCP, CheA, CheB, CheW, CheY 79 12.35 Cell Cycle Control in E. coli Escherichia, cell division 80 13.4 Merozygote Production and Fate exogenote, endogenote, merozygote 81 13.7 F Plasmid Integration F factor 82 13.14 Bacterial Conjugation F factor, Hfr, F+, F-, pilus 83 13.15 F’ Conjugation 84 13.16 Bacterial Transformation plasmid 85 13.17 Mechanism of Transformation competence 86 13.18 Lambda Phage Life Cycles lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle, prophage, induction 87 13.19 Generalized Transduction bacteriophage, transducing particle, abortive transduction 88 13.20 Specialized Transduction prophage, temperate bacteriophage 89 13.21 Transduction by Lambda Phage prophage, excision, defective lambda phage 90 13.22 Interrupted Mating Experiment Hfr, conjugation 91 14.5 Southern Blotting Technique 92 14.7 Site-Directed Mutagenesis 93 14.8 The Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR 94 14.11 Recombinant Plasmid Production cloning, vector 95 14.14 Cloning with Plasmid Vectors restriction enzyme, recombinant plasmid, vector 96 14.15 Lambda Phage Use as a Vector genomic library, recombinant 97 15.1& DNA Sequencing Sanger, dideoxynucleoside triphosphate, xi Trans. No. Figure No. Transparency Title 15.2b, c Key Word(s) ddATP 98 15.3 Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing 99 15.9 GeneChip Expression Array probe, chip, microarray, genome 100 16.11 b,c Tobacco Mosaic Virus Structure helical capsid, TMV 101 16.13 Icosahedral Capsid Structure penton, pentamer, hexon, hexamer, capsomer 102 16.17 b Influenza Virus hemagglutinin spike, neuraminidase spike 103 16.18 a, b Vaccinia Virus poxvirus 104 16.19 a T4 Coliphage Structure T-even coliphage 105 17.1 Major Bacteriophage Families phage, family, taxonomy 106 17.3 T4 Phage Adsorption attachment, penetration, bacteriophage 107 17.5a Life Cycle of Bacteriophage T4 phage 108 17.10 Assembly of T4 Bacteriophage phage 109 17.11 & 17. 13 ssDNA & RNA Phage Life Cycles X174, replicative form, bacteriophage 110 17.18 Choice of Lysogeny or Lysis cro protein, gpcro, lambda repressor 111 17.20 Integration of Lambda Phage prophage, integrase 112 18.3 Major Animal Virus Families family, taxonomy 113 18.4 Animal Virus Entry endocytosis 114 18.5 Herpes Simplex Life Cycle HSV-1 115 18.6 RNA Animal Virus Reproduction picornavirus, reovirus, paramyxovirus, orthomyxovirus, retrovirus, reverse transcriptase 116 18.7 Influenza Virus Life Cycle 117 18.9 Release of Influenza Virus budding 118 Table 18.2 Sites of Virus Reproduction intracellular, RNA viruses, DNA viruses, nucleic acid replication, capsid assembly, budding 119 18.12 Viruses That Infect Plants family, taxonomy 120 19.3 Universal Phylogenetic Tree Bacteria, Archaea, taxonomy, Eucarya 121 Table 19.8 Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya comparison, nucleus, cell wall, membrane lipid, transfer RNA, mRNA, ribosome, RNA polymerase, metabolism 122 Table 19.9 Major Bacterial Groups cell wall, shape, reproduction, metabolism, xii Trans. No. Figure No. Transparency Title Key Word(s) motility, appendages, endospore, mycoplasma, gram-negative, gram-positive 123 19.13 Relatedness of Procaryotes Bacteria, Archaea, gram-negative, grampositive, Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota 124 19.14 Phylogeny of the Archaea Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, taxonomy 125 19.15 Phylogeny of the Bacteria taxonomy 126 20.12 Methane Synthesis Methanobacterium 127 Table 21.1 Photosynthetic Bacteria green sulfur, green nonsulfur, purple sulfur, purple nonsulfur, cyanobacteria 128 21.8a Cyanobacterial Cell Structure cyanobacteria 129 21.14 The Chlamydial Life Cycle elementary body, reticulate body, EB, RB 130 21.16 a,b Spirochete Morphology axial fibril, protoplasmic cylinder, outer sheath 131 22.5 Hyphomicrobium Life Cycle swarmer 132 22.7 Caulobacter Life Cycle swarmer 133 22.21a Leucothrix Life Cycle filament, rosette, gonidia 134 Table 22.6 Facultatively Anaerobic Rods Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae, Pasteurellaceae, gram-negative 135 22.33a Bdellovibrio Life Cycle 136 22.35 Myxobacterial Life Cycle myxospore, fruiting body 137 23.4 Peptidoglycan Structure interpeptide bridge 138 23.15 Heterolactic Fermentation phosphoketolase pathway 139 24.3a Actinobacterial Classification actinomycete, actinobacteria, taxonomy 140 Phylogenetic Diagram 25 Phylogeny of the Fungi and Molds Eumycota, slime mold, water mold, taxonomy 141 25.3 Yeast Structure 142 25.6 Hyphal Morphology fungi 143 25.7 Fungal Reproduction and Spores arthrospore, chlamydospore, sporangiospore, conidiospore, blastospore 144 25.9 Rhizopus Life Cycle zygospore 145 25.12 Ascomycete Life Cycle ascospore, ascocarp, ascus 146 25.13 Yeast Life Cycle Saccharomyces cerevisiae 147 25.14 Basidiomycete Life Cycle mushroom, basidiocarp xiii Trans. No. Figure No. Transparency Title Key Word(s) 148 25.16a Slime Mold Life Cycle Myxomycota, plasmodial slime mold, fruiting body 149 Phylogenetic Diagram 26 Phylogeny of the Algae taxonomy 150 26.1 Algal Morphology cell organelle 151 26.5 Euglena cell organelle 152 Phylogenetic Diagram 27 Phylogeny of the Protozoa taxonomy 153 27.2 Conjugation in Paramecium macronucleus, micronucleus, protozoa 154 27.3 Representative Protozoa Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Amoeba proteus, apicomplexa, Paramecium caudatum 155 28.1 Microbial Interactions mutualism, protocooperation, commensalism, predation, parasitism, amensalism, competition 156 28.5 Hydrothermal Vent Structure Riftia, mutualism, sulfides, black smoker 157 28.6 b, d The Tube Worm Riftia, endosymbiotic bacteria, mutualism, black smoker 158 28.18 Macrobiogeochemistry Cycles biogeochemistry, nutrient cycling, geochemistry 159 28.19 The Carbon Cycle in Nature biogeochemistry, nutrient cycling, fermentation, respiration, carbon 160 28.21 The Sulfur Cycle in Nature biogeochemistry, nutrient cycling, sulfur 161 28.22 The Nitrogen Cycle in Nature biogeochemistry, nutrient cycling, nitrogen 162 28.27 The Growth of Biofilms microbial growth, layered biofilms 163 29.1 Oxygen Transfer in Water oxygen flux, waters 164 29.3 The Winogradsky Column microcosm, gradient, enrichment 165 29.4 The Microbial Loop nutrient cycling, predation, trophic structure, water 166 29.5 Thiomargarita namibiensis nitrogen and sulfur cycles, marine environments, largest bacterium 167 29.13 Carbon Cycling in the Ocean nutrient cycling 168 29.20 Water Purification drinking water 169 29.22 Multiple-Tube Water Testing most probable number, MPN, drinking water, water quality, presumptive test, confirmed test xiv Trans. No. Figure No. Transparency Title Key Word(s) 170 29.25 b, & 29.27 Sewage Treatment activated sludge, aerobic secondary treatment, trickling filter 171 30.1 Soil Oxygen Concentrations oxygen fluxes, soils, water films, minianaerobic environments 172 30.2 The Soil Microenvironment fungus, bacterium, protozoan, pore, microcolony 173 30.8 b, e, g, h, j Root Nodule Formation Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium,clover,roots, nodules, nitrogen fixation, infection thread, bacteroid, symbiosome 174 30.11 Types of Mycorrhizae ectomycorrhizae, endomycorrhizae, arbuscular mycorrhizae, ectendomycorrhizae 175 30.20 Agrobacterium and Crown Galls plant tumors, Agrobacterium, Ti plasmid, opine 176 30.23 Soil Methane Production and Use methane, methanogenesis, methanotrophs, hot spots, termites 177 Chapter 31 Opener Dendritic Cell white blood cell 178 31.2 Human Microbiota conjunctiva, nose, mouth, oropharynx, small intestine, large intestine, vagina, urethra, skin, stomach, ear 179 31.3 Human Blood Cells eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil, monocyte, T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, macrophage, dendritic cell 180 31.4 Monocyte-Macrophage System 181 31.6 Lymphocyte Development thymus, bursa of Fabricius, T cell, B cell, bone marrow 182 31.7 Nonspecific Resistance host defense 183 31.8 Lymphoid Tissue in Skin keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, macrophages 184 31.10 Function of MALT mucosal-associated immunity, M cell 185 31.13 Two Complement Pathways alternative pathway, lectin pathway 186 31.14 Membrane Attack Complex MAC 187 31.15 Opsonization phagocytosis 188 31.16 Phagocytosis adhesin, macrophage, phagosome 189 31.17 Functions of Cytokines 190 31.18 Interferon Antiviral Action xv Trans. No. Figure No. Transparency Title Key Word(s) 191 31.20 Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity antibody-dependent, NK cell 192 31.21 Function of Natural Killer Cells NK cell, perforin, granzyme 193 32.1 Specific Immunity humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity, B cell, T cell, plasma cell, cytotoxic T cell 194 32.5 Superantigens class II MHC, T-cell receptor 195 32.7 b, c Immunoglobulin (Ab) Structure Immunoglobulin G, variable domain, constant domain, antigen-binding site, heavy chain, light chain 196 32.15 Gene Shuffling and Ab Diversity V exon, C exon, splicing 197 32.16 & 32.17 L and H Chain Production V exon, C exon, J exon, D exon, splicing 198 32.18 Clonal Selection plasma cell, memory B cell 199 32.19 Antibody Responses primary response, secondary response, IgG, IgM 200 32.20 Production of Monoclonal Abs hybridoma, antibody 201 32.21 The TCR and T-cell Activation T-cell receptor, class II MHC 202 32.24 Helper T-cell Responses virus, macrophage, T-helper cell, plasma cell, cytotoxic T cell, humoral immunity, cellmediated immunity 203 32.28 T-Dependent B Cell Triggering humoral immunity, macrophage, T-helper cell, plasma cell 204 32.29 Neutralization Reactions toxin neutralization, antitoxin, viral neutralization 205 32.31 Classical Complement Pathway 206 33.1 Vaccination Regimen childhood vaccinations, hepatitis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox 207 33.2 Type I Hypersensitivity IgE, mast cell, allergy 208 33.5 Type II Hypersensitivity cytotoxic or cytolytic 209 33.6 Type III Hypersensitivity immune complex 210 33.7 Type IV Hypersensitivity delayed-type, tuberculin, poison ivy 211 33.10 Viral Hemagglutination measles 212 33.11 Agglutination Tests antibody titer 213 33.13 The ELISA or EIA Test double antibody sandwich assay, indirect immunosorbent assay xvi Trans. No. Figure No. Transparency Title Key Word(s) 214 34.2 LD50 of a Pathogen 215 34.4 Type III Secretory System Yop virulence protein 216 34.5 Exotoxin Transport Mechanisms diphtheria toxin 217 34.7 Exotoxin Pathogenesis 218 Table 35.4 Antibacterial Drug Mechanisms 219 35.2 & Table 35.3 Kirby-Bauer Test chemotherapeutic drugs 220 35.7 Penicillins penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, methicillin, ticarcillin 221 35.14 Antiviral Drugs amantadine, azidothymidine, AZT, lamivudine, vidarabine, acyclovir, ritonavir, cidofovir, foscarnet 222 36.6 a Key to Gram-Positive Pathogens 223 36.6 b Key to Gram-Negative Pathogens 224 37.2 Epidemics 225 37.4 Herd Immunity 226 37.5 Infectious Disease Cycle chain of infection 227 38.1 Chickenpox varicella 228 38.2 a, b Varicella-Zoster Virus chickenpox 229 38.3 Measles (Rubeola) 230 38.4 Mumps 231 38.5 German Measles (Rubella) 232 38.8 The HIV-1 Virion AIDS, human immunodeficiency virus 233 38.9 Life Cycle of HIV-1 AIDS, human immunodeficiency virus, reverse transcriptase 234 38.18 Rabies 235 39.1 Diphtheria Pathogenesis Corynebacterium diphtheriae 236 39.3 Streptococcal Diseases group A streptococcal infections 237 39.7 Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis 238 39.9 Plague Yersinia pestis 239 39.18 Staphylococcal Diseases Staphylococcus aureus common-source epidemic, propagated epidemic xvii Trans. No. Figure No. Transparency Title Key Word(s) 240 39.21 Course of Untreated Syphilis Treponema pallidum, chancre 241 39.24 The Septic Shock Cascade exotoxin, endotoxin, toxic shock syndrome toxin, toxin A 242 40.19 Malaria Plasmodium vivax 243 41.19 Wine Making must, fermentation, alcohol 244 41.20 Producing Beer malt, mash, lager, hops, fermentation, alcohol 245 42.4 Modification of Antibiotics antibiotics, metabolic engineering, erythromycin, enzyme blocking 246 42.7 b Large Fermentation Unit industrial microbiology, agitation, aeration, microbial growth 247 42.10 Penicillin Fermentation penicillin, fermentation, nutrient control 248 42.20 Subsurface Bioremediation in situ, engineered bioremediation, bioventing 249 42.21 Phytoremediation soil, plants, rhizosphere, cometabolism, degradation, contaminants 250 42.26 Microarrays and Gene Expression DNA chip xviii Correlation Guide to Microbes in Motion, III This correlation guide was compiled in order to assist you in integrating the information from Microbes in Motion, III, the tutorial CD-ROM developed by WCB/McGraw-Hill, into the textual material presented in Microbiology, 5th Edition, by Prescott, Harley, and Klein. The list below correlates the topics from the text (in bold) with material covered in the CD-ROM (this guide lists the book and chapter in Microbes in Motion, III). Be sure to check this correlation guide prior to reading a chapter of Microbiology, 5th Edition, for supporting information on Microbes in Motion, III. Chapter 2 Preparation and Staining of Specimens Bacterial Structure & Function Book Bacteria Groups/Introduction Bacteria Groups/Categories Bacteria Groups/Classification Chapter 3 Procaryotic Cell Membranes Bacterial Structure & Function Book Cell Membrane The Procaryotic Cell Wall Bacterial Structure & Function Book Gram Positive Cell Gram Negative Cell Cell Wall Antimicrobial Action Book Cell Wall Inhibitors Bacterial Structure & Function Book Cell Membrane Components External to the Cell Wall Bacterial Structure & Function Book /External Structures Chapter 4 An Overview of Eucaryotic Cell Structure Mycology Book /General Eucaryotic Structures Chapter 5 The Common Nutrient Requirements Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book /Microbial Growth Requirements for Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book /Microbial Growth Uptake of Nutrients by the Cell Bacterial Structure & Function Book /Cell Membrane/Transport Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book /Microbial Growth /Nutrient Transport Culture Media Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book /Microbial Growth/Media Chapter 6 The Growth Curve Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book /Microbial Growth/Growth Curves Measurement of Microbial Growth Environmental Microbiology Book /Diversity of Microorganisms/Detection in the Environment Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book /Microbial Growth/Metabolic Environment Chapter 7 Definition of Frequently Used Terms Control/Physical & Chemical Book /Terminology The Use of Physical Methods in Control Control: Physical & Chemical Book /Terminology /Physical Control The Use of Chemical Agents in Control Control: Physical & Chemical/Chemical Control Chapter 8 The Role of ATP in Metabolism Microbial Growth and Metabolism Book/Catabolism xix Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Electron Carriers Microbial Growth and Metabolism Book /Aerobic Respiration /Anaerobic Respiration Chapter 9 On Overview of Metabolism Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book/Microbial Metabolism Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation Bacterial Structure & Function Book /Cell Membrane /Energy Production /Electron Transport Chain Chapter 10 Peptidoglycan Synthesis Bacterial Structure & Function Book /Cell Wall/Peptidoglycan Patterns of Cell Wall Formation Antimicrobial Action Book/Cell Wall Inhibitors Chapter 11 DNA Replication Bacterial Structure & Function Book/Internal Structures/ /Chromosome /Replication of Nucleus Microbial Genetics Book/DNA Structure Replication Transcription Translation DNA as Genetic Material Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book/Microbial Genetics Microbial Genetics Book/DNA Transcription Translation Microbial Genetics Book/Genetic Code Codon usage Structure of a gene Mutations and Their Chemical Basis Control: Physical & Chemical Book/Physical Control/Radiation Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book/Microbial Genetics/Microbial Mutation Microbial Genetics Book/Mutation What are mutations? Types of mutations Identifying mutants Chapter 12 Protein Synthesis Bacterial Structure & Function Book/Internal Structures /Protein Synthesis /Translation mRNA Synthesis Microbial Genetics Book /Regulation Lac operon Induction Catabolite repression Tryp operon Co-repressors Attenuation Positive regulation Chapter 13 Bacterial Recombination: General Principles Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book Microbial Genetics/Recombination Bacterial Plasmids Microbial Genetics Book/Recombination/ Antimicrobial Resistance Book /Transfer & Spread of Resistance Genes Transposable Elements Antimicrobial Resistance Book /Transfer and Spread of Resistance Genes/Transposons Microbial Genetics Book/Transposons Insertion elements Composite transposons Bacterial Conjugation Antimicrobial Resistance Book /Transfer and Spread of Resistance Genes/ Microbial Genetics Book/Genetic exchange in bacteria Conjugation U-tube experiment DNA Transformation Microbial Genetics Book/Genetic exchange in bacteria Transformation Griffith Experiment Transformation in Gram Positive bacteria Transduction Microbial Genetics Book/Genetic exchange in bacteria Transduction Generalized transduction Specialized transduction xx Chapter 14 Historical Perspectives Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book Microbial Genetics/Genetic Engineering The Polymerase Chain Reaction Virology Book/Viral Detection/Direct Detection Nucleic Acid Preparation of Recombinant DNA Microbial Genetics Book /Biotechnology Southern blots Restriction enzymes Recombinant molecules Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book Microbial Genetics/Recombination Applications of Genetic Engineering Microbial Genetics Book/Biotechnology Finding the right clone Examples of cloning Chapter 15 Microbial Genetics Book/Genomics Chapter 16 General Properties of Viruses Virology Book/Viral Structure/Virus Taxonomy The Cultivation of Viruses Virology Book /Viral Detection/Culture /Viral Pathogenesis/Host Cell Damage The Structure of Viruses Virology Book/Viral Structure/Virus Structure and Shape Principles of Virus Taxonomy Virology Book/Viral Structure/Virus Taxonomy Chapter 18 Classification of Animal Viruses Virology Book/Viral Structure/Virus Taxonomy Reproduction of Animal Viruses Virology Book /Viral Invasion/Virus Adsorption & Virus Penetration/Replication and Transcription in DNA Viruses /Viral Replication/DNA Virus Replication /Viral Replication/RNA Virus Replication Virology/Viral Assembly/Virion Release Chapter 19 Microbial Evolution and Diversity Environmental Microbiology Book/Diversity of Microorganisms The Major Divisions of Life Environmental Microbiology Book/Diversity of Microorganisms Chapter 20 Introduction to the Archaea Environmental Microbiology Book/Diversity of Microorganisms/Archaea Cranarchaeota Environmental Microbiology Book/Diversity of Microorganisms/Archaea Chapter 21 Aquificae and the Termotogae Environmental Microbiology Book/Diversity of Microorganisms/Archaea Photosynthetic Bacteria Environmental Microbiology Book/Aquatic Habitats /Freshwater Phylum Planctomycetes Miscellaneous Bacteria Book/Chlamydia Phylum Spirochaetes Bacterial Structure & Function Book /External Structures/Flagella /Cell Wall/Bacteria Shapes Miscellaneous Bacteria Book /Treponemes /Zoonoses/Borrelia /Zoonoses/Leptospira Phylum Bacteroidetes Environmental Microbiology Book/Aquatic Habitats /Freshwater Chapter 22 Class Alphaproteobacteria Miscellaneous Bacteria Book/Zoonoses/Rickettsia Environmental Microbiology Book /Aquatic Habitats/Freshwater /Terrestrial Habitats/Soil Microorganisms Class Betaproteobacteria Environmental Microbiology Book/Diversity of Microorganisms/Culture Independent Detection Class Gammaproteobacteria Environmental Microbiology Book/Aquatic Habitats/Freshwater/ Gram Negative Bacteria Book/Gram Negative Bacilli: Aerobes /Pseudomonas /Burkholderia Gram Negative Bacteria Book/Gram Negative Bacilli: Facultative Anaerobes /Vibrionaceae /Enterobacteriaceae/ Environmental Microbiology Book/Aquatic Habitats/Marine xxi The Deltaproteobacteria Environmental Microbiology Book/Terrestrial Habitats /Predatory Bacteria /Soil Microorganisms Environmental Microbiology Book/Diversity of Microorganisms/Culture Independent Detection Chapter 23 Class Mollicutes (the Mycoplasmas) Miscellaneous Bacteria Book/Mycoplasma Low G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria Gram Positive Bacteria Book/Gram Positive Bacilli/Bacillus Class Clostridia Anaerobic Bacteria Book/Gram Positive Bacilli/Spore Forming Anaerobes Class Bacilli Gram Positive Bacteria Book /Gram Positive Bacilli/Bacillus /Gram Positive Cocci: Streptococcus Chapter 24 High C+G Gram-Positive Bacteria Anaerobic Bacteria Book/Gram Positive Bacilli/Nonspore Forming Anaerobes Gram Positive Bacteria Book/Gram Positive Bacilli/Corynebacterium/ Miscellaneous Bacteria Book/Mycobacteria Chapter 25 Structure Mycology Book/General Eucaryotic Structures/Specific Fungal Features Reproduction Mycology Book/Metabolism & Growth Chapter/Fungal Reproduction Characteristics of the Fungal Divisions Mycology Book/Taxonomy & Nomenclature/Taxonomy-Morphology Chapter 27 Representative Types Parasitology Book/Protozoa Classification /Flagellated Protozoa /Amoeboid Protozoa /Sporozoan Protozoa /Ciliated Protozoa Chapter 28 Microbial Interactions Environmental Microbiology Book /Microbial Ecology/Symbiosis /Aquatic Habitats/Vents Nutrient Cycling Interactions Environmental Microbiology Book /Biogeochemical Recycling/Introduction, Habitat /Biogeochemical Recycling/Carbon Cycle /Biogeochemical Recycling/Sulfur Cycle /Biogeochemical Recycling/ Nitrogen Cycle Physical Environment Environmental Microbiology Book/Diversity/Detection in the Environment Microbial Metabolism and Growth Book/Microbial Growth/ Metabolic Environment Chapter 29 Aquatic Environments and Microorganisms Environmental Microbiology Book /Aquatic Habitats/Freshwater /Aquatic Habitats/Marine, Deep Sea Environmental Microbiology Book /Microbial Ecology/Biofilms /Microbial Ecology/Microbial Mats Marine Environments Environmental Microbiology/Aquatic Habitats/Marine, Deep Sea Freshwater Environments Environmental Microbiology/Aquatic Habitats/Freshwater Groundwater Quality and Home Treatment Systems Environmental Microbiology Book /Harness for Production/Solid Waste Treatment /Harness for Production/Water Purification Parasitology Book /Protozoa Classification/Sporozoan Protozoa /Intestinal Protozoa Chapter 30 Soil as an Environments for Microorganisms Environmental Microbiology Book/ Terrestrial Habitats/Introduction Terrestrial Habitats/Soil Microorganisms Chapter 31 Distribution of the Normal Microbiotia of the Human Body Microbial Pathogenesis Book/Nonspecific Host Defense/Normal Flora Cells, Tissues and Organs of the Immune System Immunology Book/Organs, Cells, and Cytokines/The Lymphocyte Family Cytokines Immunology Book/Organs, Cells, and Cytokines/Cytokines xxii Chapter 32 Antigens Immunology Book/Antigens & Immunogenicity/Antigens, Immunogens, & Tolerogens Antibodies Immunology Book/Antibodies /Antibody Structure /Immunoglobulin Biosynthesis /Antibody Classes Immunology Book /Acquired (Specific) Immunity/Two Arms of the Immune Response /The Humoral Immune Response/Primary & Secondary Antibody Responses B-Cell Biology Immunology Book/The Humoral Immune Response/Helper T Cell Activation, B Cell Activation T-Cell Biology Immunology Book/The Humoral Response /Helper T Cell Activation /B Cell Activation /Antigen Processing & Presentation Immunology Book /Organs, Cells, and Cytokines/Lymphocytes /Antigens & Immunogenicity/The Major Histocompatibility Complex /Cell-Mediated Immunity/T Cell Activation, Cytotoxic T Cells /Acquired (Specific) Immunity/The Two Arms of the Immune Response Chapter 33 Vaccines and Immunizations Vaccines Book /Vaccine Development/Terminology, Composition /Immunization Schedules Immune Disorders Immunology Book /Immune Injury & Hypersensitivity/Microbes, Hypersensitivity and Autoimmune Disease /Immunodeficiency/Congenital (Primary) Immunodeficiency /Immunodeficiency /Acquired (Secondary) Immunodeficiency Antigen-Antibody Interactions Microbial Pathogenesis Book/Nonspecific Host Defense/Cellular Defenses & Phagocytosis Immunology Book /Antibody-Mediated Reactions/Complement /Antibody-Mediated Reactions/Agglutination, Opsonization, and Neutralization /Immunodetection/Antibody Detection Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Vitro Virology Book /Viral Detection/Antigen, Antibody Detection Immunology /Immunodetection /Immunodetection/Antibody Detection /Antibody-Mediated Reactions/Agglutination, Opsonization, and Neutralization Chapter 34 Host-Parasite Relationships Microbial Pathogenesis/Principles of Pathogenicity Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases Virology Book /Viral Pathogenesis /Viral Structure and Function/Viral Invasion, Virus Adsorption Pathogenesis of Bacterial Diseases Microbial Pathogenesis Book /Adherence/Adherence Mechanisms, Receptors /Toxins/Exotoxins Microbial Mechanism for Evading Host Defense Microbial Pathogenesis Book/Antiphagocytic Factors Immunology Book/Innate (Non-specific) Immunity /Mechanical & Chemical Control /Cellular Defenses & Phagocytosis Chapter 35 Determining the Level of Antimicrobial Activity Antimicrobial Action Book/Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Agents Antimicrobial Action Book /Agents Affecting Enzymes /Agents Affecting Nucleic Acids /Cell Wall Inhibitors /Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Antimicrobial Resistance Book Antifungal Drugs Mycology Book/Diseases/Antifungal Therapy Antiviral Drugs Virology Book/Viral Disease/Viral Therapy Chapter 36 Identification of Microorganisms from Specimens Anaerobic Bacteria/Anaerobic Characteristics Virology/Viral Detection/Direct Detection Immunology/Immunodetection/Antibody Detection Chapter 37 Epidemiology Book (entire book, especially the chapters on Terminology, Disease Acquisition, and Transmission) xxiii Chapter 38 Airborne Diseases Virology Book/Viral Disease /Entry and Spread /Skin & Soft Tissue Disease /CNS Disease Direct Contact Diseases Virology Book/Viral Disease /CNS Disease /Genital Tract Disease /Skin & Soft Tissue Disease /Blood Disease /Gastrointestinal Disease Virology Book/Viral Replication/RNA Virus Replication Immunology Book/Immunodeficiency/Immunology of HIV/AIDS Chapter 39 Airborne Diseases Gram Negative Bacteria Book/Gram Negative Bacilli: Aerobes/Legionella Gram Positive Bacteria Book /Gram Positive Bacilli/Corynebacterium /Gram Postive Streptococci/Streptococci Virulence Factors /Gram Postive Streptococci/Streptococci Streptococci Diseases Miscellaneous Bacteria Book Mycobacteria–Diseases Microbial Pathogenesis Book/Toxins/Exotoxins Arthropod-Borne Diseases Miscellaneous Bacteria Book/Zoonoses /Borrelia /Yersinia Direct Contact Diseases Gram Positive Bacteria Book /Gram Positive Staphylococci/Virulence Factors, Diseases /Gram Positive Bacilli /Gram Positive Streptococci Anaerobic Bacteria Book /Gram Positive Bacilli/Spore Forming Anaerobes /Gram Negative Bacilli/Porphyromonas Gram Negative Bacteria Book /Gram Negative Bacilli /Bacilli - Facultative Anaerobes/Vibrionaceae, Spirillaceae /Gram Negative Cocci/Neisseria Miscellaneous Bacteria Book /Treponemes/Diseases /Mycobacteria Chapter/Diseases /Toxins/Exotoxins /Chlamydia/Diseases Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Microbial Pathogenesis/Toxins/Exotoxins Anaerobic Bacteria Book/Gram Positive Bacilli/Spore Forming Anaerobes Gram Negative Bacteria/Gram Negative Bacilli /Spirillaceae /Enterobacteriaceae Sepsis and Septic Shock Microbial Pathogenesis/Toxins/Endotoxins Chapter 40 Fungal Diseases Mycology Book/Diseases Protozoan Diseases (p. 821) Parasitology Book /Intestinal Protozoa /Tissue and Blood Protozoa Chapter 41 Controlling Food Spoilage Control: Physical and Chemical Book/Physical Control Foodborne Diseases Gram Negative Bacteria/Facultative Anaerobes /Enterobacteriaceae /Spirillaceae Gram Positive Bacteria/Gram Positive Bacilli /Listeria /Bacillus /Spore Forming Anaerobes Chapter 42 Choosing Microorganisms for Industrial Microbiology Microbial Genetics Book /Biotechnology Recombinant molecules Finding the right clone Major Products of Industrial Microbiology Microbial Metabolism & Growth Book/Microbial Genetics/Recombination Microbial Genetics Book /Biotechnology/Examples of cloning 24 McGraw-Hill Higher Education A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies Instructor’s Manual to accompany Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The contents of, or parts thereof, may be reproduced for use with Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology, Fifth Edition by John Harley and Lansing Prescott, provided such reproductions bear copyright notice and may not be reproduced in any form for any other purpose without permission of the publisher. www.mhhe.com 25 Contents 1. Bright-Field Light Microscope ..................................................................................................................................... 1 2. The Hanging Drop Slide and Bacterial Motility .......................................................................................................... 3 3. Dark-Field Light Microscope ...................................................................................................................... 4 4. Phase-Contrast Light Microscope ............................................................................................................... 5 5. Fluorescence Microscope ............................................................................................................................ 6 6. Negative Staining ......................................................................................................................................... 7 7. Smear Preparation and Simple Staining ...................................................................................................... 8 8. Gram Stain.................................................................................................................................................... 9 9. Acid-Fast Staining (Ziehl-Neelsen and Kinyoun) Procedures ................................................................. 10 10. Endospore Staining (Schaeffer-Fulton or Wirtz-Conklin) Procedure ...................................................... 11 11. Capsule Staining......................................................................................................................................... 12 12. Flagella Staining: West and Difco’s SpotTest Methods ........................................................................... 13 13. Microbiological Culture Media Preparation and Sterilization.................................................................. 14 14. Culture Transfer Instruments, Techniques and Isolation of Pure Cultures and Their Maintenance ....................................................................................................................................................... 15 15. Spread-Plate Technique ............................................................................................................................. 17 16. The Streak-Plate Technique and Differential Media ................................................................................ 18 17. Pour-Plate Technique ................................................................................................................................. 19 18. Cultivation of Anaerobic Bacteria ............................................................................................................. 20 19. Determination of Bacterial Numbers......................................................................................................... 21 20. Carbohydrates I: Fermentation and Beta-Galactosidase Activity ............................................................ 23 21. Carbohydrates II: Triple Sugar Iron Agar Test ......................................................................................... 24 22. Carbohydrates III: Starch Hydrolysis ........................................................................................................ 25 23. Lipids: Lipid Hydrolysis ............................................................................................................................ 26 24. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes I: Hydrogen Sulfide Production and Motility ............................. 27 25. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes II: The IMViC Tests .................................................................... 28 26. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes III: Casein Hydrolysis .................................................................. 29 27. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes IV: Gelatin Hydrolysis ................................................................. 30 28. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes V: Catalase Activity ..................................................................... 31 29. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes VI: Coagulase and DNase Activity ............................................. 32 30. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes VII: Oxidase Test ......................................................................... 33 31. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes VIII: Urease Activity ................................................................... 34 32. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes IX: Lysine and Ornithine Decarboxylase Test............................ 35 33. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes X: Phenylalanine Deamination .................................................... 36 34. Proteins, Amino Acids, and Enzymes XI: Nitrate Reduction................................................................... 37 35. The API 20E System.................................................................................................................................. 38 36. The Enterotube II System .......................................................................................................................... 39 37. Using Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology to Identify Bacteria ................................................ 40 38. General Unknown ...................................................................................................................................... 41 39. Temperature ............................................................................................................................................... 42 40. pH ............................................................................................................................................................... 43 41. Osmotic Pressure........................................................................................................................................ 44 42. The Effects of Chemical Agents on Bacteria I: Disinfectants .................................................................. 45 43. The Effects of Chemical Agents on Bacteria II: Antimicrobial Agents (Kirby-Bauer Method)............. 46 44. Hand Washing, Environmental Sampling, and Microbiological Monitoring .......................................... 47 45. Determination of a Bacterial Growth Curve: Classical and Two-Hour Methods .................................... 48 26 Contents (continued) 46. Standard Coliform Most Probable Number (MPN) Test and Presence-Absence Coliform Test ........................................................................................................................................... 49 47. Membrane Filter Technique for Coliforms and Fecal Streptococci; KONFIRM Test for Fecal Coliforms ........................................................................................................................................ 50 48. Isolation of Escherichia coli Bacteriophages from Sewage and Determining Bacteriophage Titers ................................................................................................................................ 51 49. Enumeration of Soil Microorganisms ....................................................................................................... 52 50. Bacterial Count of a Food Product ............................................................................................................ 53 51. Examination of Milk for Bacteria .............................................................................................................. 54 52. Agglutination Reactions: Blood Groups ................................................................................................... 55 53. Isolation of Normal Microbiota from the Human Body ........................................................................... 56 54. Staphylococci ............................................................................................................................................. 57 55. Pneumococci .............................................................................................................................................. 58 56. Streptococci ................................................................................................................................................ 59 57. Neisseriae ................................................................................................................................................... 60 58. Aerobic and Anaerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria .............................................................................. 61 59. Fungi I: Yeasts ........................................................................................................................................... 62 60. Fungi II: Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes ................................................................... 63 61. Bacterial Mutation...................................................................................................................................... 64 62. Bacterial Transformation ........................................................................................................................... 65 63. Bacterial Conjugation: The Transfer of Antibiotic Resistant Plasmids.................................................... 66 64. Isolation of Genomic DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisae .................................................................... 67 65. Isolation and Purification of Genomic DNA from Escherichia coli ........................................................ 68 66. Identifying Archaea and Bacteria Using the Internet and Computer-Assisted Gene Analysis .......................................................................................................................................... 69 Appendix A: Appendix B: Appendix C: Appendix D: Appendix E: Appendix F: Appendix G: Appendix H: Appendix I: Appendix J: Appendix K: Appendix L: Laboratory Supply Houses ...................................................................................................................... 70 Reagents, Solutions, Stains, and Tests .................................................................................................... 71 Culture Media .......................................................................................................................................... 76 General Film Directory Index ................................................................................................................. 84 Consortium of University Film Centers .................................................................................................. 86 Commercially Prepared Chemical and Immunologic Reagents, Kits, and Prepared Microscopic Slides ............................................................................................................ 89 Culture and Assay Media, and Special or Environmental Growth Components ................................... 90 Inorganic and Organic Chemicals ........................................................................................................... 91 Microorganisms ....................................................................................................................................... 92 General Laboratory Supplies ................................................................................................................... 93 Basic Laboratory Equipment ................................................................................................................... 94 Identibacter interactus Unknowns and Laboratory Tests ...................................................................... 95 Note to Instructors: The answers given for the review questions in the laboratory manual may, in many cases, not be the only possible answers or interpretations a diligent student might formulate. Therefore, our objective is to indicate what answers are most likely to be given by the students.