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10434_2012_2519_MOESM1_ESM
10434_2012_2519_MOESM1_ESM

... found to be effective. TRCN0000072243 (shLuc) was served as control. The shRNA clones have been inserted into the pLK0.1 vector, downstream of the U6 promoter. Heh-7 and Hep-3B cells at density of 3 x 106 were transfected with 2 μg shRNA plasmids in 8 μL PolyJet™ DNA In Vitro Tranfection Reagent (Si ...
Chapter 14a
Chapter 14a

... Etiology of Infectious Diseases • Robert Koch demonstrated that specific microbes caused specific diseases – experimented with grazing animals infected with anthrax – Later work with TB got more interest ...
m1/98 summative mcq
m1/98 summative mcq

... Pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex Is formed by layers 1 – 4 Contain both apical and basal dendrites Dendrites are studded with numerous spines Project to other parts of the cerebral cortex Project to subcortical sites ...
click - Uplift Education
click - Uplift Education

... 20. In the activation of TH, TC , and B lymphocytes, the ______________________ is physical contact between the naïve lymphocyte and an antigen presenting cell. The _______________________ can be cytokines (such as IL-2 or IL-4) or may be interaction with a TH. 21. When B lymphocytes are activated, ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... in the promoter site of a specific gene or a group of genes. When this occurs, the gene will be transcribed. ...
Document
Document

... 1. Lysis of cells. This is the original function identified and causes hypotonic cell death by making hole. It is not effective against organisms with cell walls such as fungi and Gram positive bacteria 2. Opsonization. Macrophage and PMNs have FcRs and at least two different kinds of complement rec ...
Immunity - Yengage
Immunity - Yengage

... Suppressor T cells— Suppresses the activities of cytotoxic T cells and prevents it from destroying the body’s own tissue. It also suppresses helper T cells. Memory T cell— Some of the activated T cells do not enter the circulation but migrate to various lymphoid tissue, and get activated when body ...
A rough guide to the immune system - UK-CAB
A rough guide to the immune system - UK-CAB

... • T cells recognise antigens (small peptides)via the T cell receptor (TCR) which is always associated at the cell surface with CD3 11 • The monomeric B cell receptor (and, in fact, all antibodies) recognise antigens in solution – in their native (folded) state • The TCR does not recognise soluble an ...
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Lecture Outline 7

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Presentation1

... antigen presenting cells express MHCI, MHCII. • Other Squamous cortical TECs: express MHCII. From sheetlike structure contributing to cortico-‐medullary barrier between the two regions of each lobule ...
Chapter 16
Chapter 16

... of lymphocytes or the combining of antigens with antibodies. Allergic reactions are likely to be excessive and to cause tissue damage. 41. Distinguish between an antigen and an allergen. An antigen is a substance that stimulates cells to produce antibodies. An allergen is a foreign substance capable ...
Type I Hypersensitivity
Type I Hypersensitivity

... own body by the same immune system that is supposed to protect us. Autoimmunity can happen in many organs and with many different mechanisms. This complex process of autoimmunity has actually been found to be involved in a variety of diseases. Type I Hypersensitivity: Immediate; in allergy, atopy, a ...
cell-mediated immunity.
cell-mediated immunity.

... What is immunity? Immunity is the ability of organisms to resist infection by protecting themselves against disease-causing microorganisms that invade their bodies. It involves the recognition of foreign material (antigens). ...
15 - PLOS
15 - PLOS

... include two thresholds for binding: “strong” binders – which have a IC50 < 50nM, and “weak” binders – which have a IC50 < 500nM. However, because of the many factors that contribute to the immunodominance of an epitope and the complexity of selection pressures (which are not all immune-derived), the ...
Non-Specific Host Defense Lecture
Non-Specific Host Defense Lecture

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... replication or protein synthesis)  (When a virus wants to replicate, it enters an ...
Chapter 15: Nonspecific Immunity
Chapter 15: Nonspecific Immunity

Micro 532 Exam 1995
Micro 532 Exam 1995

... the tuberculin test is only presumptive, indicating that he has been exposed to a tuberculosis antigen. a chest x-ray will indicate whether there has been granuloma formation due to his inability to clear the bacillus. you are looking for fluid in his lungs due to inflammation caused by the bacillus ...
Cells and Organs of Immune System Chpt. 2
Cells and Organs of Immune System Chpt. 2

... – Monocytes 5-10 times smaller than M ...
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Skin and Mucus: Pathogens-Away!

...  occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response  Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains the antigen (vaccine stimulates a primary response against the antige ...
Severe combined immune deficiency syndrome
Severe combined immune deficiency syndrome

... 7. Eight or more ear infections 8. Infections that do not resolve with antibiotic treatment for two or more months 9. Failure to gain weight or grow normally 10. Infections that require intravenous antibiotic treatment 11. Deep-seated infections, such as pneumonia that affects an entire lung or an a ...
Immune System A
Immune System A

... B cells become immunocompetent and selftolerant in bone marrow Some self-reactive B cells are inactivated (anergy) while others are killed Other B cells undergo receptor editing in which there is a rearrangement of their receptors ...
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Guillain-Barre Syndrome

... • Scavenger cells break down antigen into small peptide fragments (T cell epitopes), MHC-II epitope complexes are expressed on the surface & the scavenger become an APC which docks on a CD4 c a compatible TCR. CD4 proliferates releasing cytokines. ...
Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections: Host, Parasite, Environmental
Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections: Host, Parasite, Environmental

... Cyanobacteria (~3.6 billion years old) earliest evidence of unicellular life Molecular phylogeny: tool that enables us to understand the complexity of life & recognize the relationships of living forms Determined by comparing difference in homologous genes encoding ribosomal RNA (16S r RNA genes fro ...
File
File

... A protein produced by certain leucocytes (B lymphocytes, plasma cells) in response to a specific antigen In the bone marrow Antibodies are produced by lymphocytes once they have come into contact with a complementary/specific antigen Memory cells are a type of lymphocyte that is produced during the ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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