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Title: Unravelling the host innate immune response to enteral
Title: Unravelling the host innate immune response to enteral

... years, nutritional therapy in the form of enteral or polymeric formulae (PF) has been used in treatment. This therapy, known as exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), involves a liquid diet that is given for 6-8 weeks and has proved to be very successful, especially in children. It has many anti-inflamm ...
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY The Lymphatic System
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY The Lymphatic System

... - some antigens have reactivity but not immunogenicity and are referred to as haptens - haptens can provoke an immune response if they attach themselves to a larger carrier molecule (ex: the pneumonia bacterium attaches to penicillin) - antigens have regions on their cell membranes that trigger immu ...
KENYA PHARMTECH LEVEL ONE REVISION
KENYA PHARMTECH LEVEL ONE REVISION

The Danger Model: A Renewed Sense of Self
The Danger Model: A Renewed Sense of Self

... neither should be rejected because they are not associated with microbial stimulators, and the old SNS models would suggest that both should be rejected because they are nonself, the Danger model suggests that healthy fetuses should not be rejected because they do not send alarm signals. Transplants ...
Topic 6.4 Tuberculosis Powerpoint
Topic 6.4 Tuberculosis Powerpoint

Inflammation
Inflammation

... a macrophage which digests a foreign cell, but leaves the antigens intact. It then binds these antigens to MHC (Major Histocompatibility Cell- protein that tells your body it is your own cell) molecules on its cell membrane. The antigen-MHC complexes are noticed by certain lymphocytes (recognition) ...
A1983QM16100002
A1983QM16100002

... might be caused by these suppressor T cells. The basic observations were rapidly confirmed, but many questions were raised concerning their biological significance. These questions have largely been answered. However, the most critical issue, that is, whether the activation of suppressor cells is a ...
File
File

Viruses
Viruses

... Step 5: Lysis and Release • the host cell breaks open and releases the new virus particles • Release of new virus particles: Newly formed virus particles are released from infected cell and then host cell dies (lysis). • Some viruses that cause cancer or infect bacteria can exist within a host cell ...
Dendritic cells in autoimmune diseases Burkhard
Dendritic cells in autoimmune diseases Burkhard

Activity Overview Continued
Activity Overview Continued

Antibody Structure and Function
Antibody Structure and Function

... • Binding of antibodies to antigens can facilitate the uptake of the antigens by phagocytic cells (opsonization). • The antibodies bind to antigens by the Fab portion of the antibody, leaving the Fc portion of the antibody free to bind to Fc receptors on the surface of phagocytic cells. • The antibo ...
Types of cell-mediated immune reactions
Types of cell-mediated immune reactions

... phagocyte-mediated defense against infections, especially with intracellular microbes ...
Congaplex Flyer L4905
Congaplex Flyer L4905

... system reacts to outside stimuli is the first step in understanding whether the response will be positive or negative. Proteins, called cytokines, are released by different types of T cells and direct the actions of the immune system. Some substances can influence cytokine expression by T lymphocyte ...
Immunology Cells and organs of the Immune System
Immunology Cells and organs of the Immune System

... Class II MHC proteins, helper T cells (TH inflammatory T cells) and activated macrophages Particularly useful in eradicating pathogenic bacteria Activated macrophages can kill intracellular pathogens that would normally divide in a non-activated macrophage Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium tuberc ...
Immune Strategies to Infection
Immune Strategies to Infection

... which get activated and then travel to the site of infection to elicit a response (cell mediated), or antigen may remain in the lymph nodes, activating B cells for antibody production (humoral). What determines whether a T or B cell response is initiated? That depends on the type of cytokines produc ...
Set 6 Immune System and Vaccines
Set 6 Immune System and Vaccines

... Immunodeficiency: for some reason the adaptive immune system does not work Autoimmune diseases: the immune system cannot distinguish self and non-self This is for disambiguation and clarification-AIDS (Module 4) is an example of an ...
Lymphatic System/Immunity
Lymphatic System/Immunity

... cytokines that will direct the immune response, for example, by attracting more WBC and inducing B-cell division. The major event of helper T activation, though, is that it will interact with a B-cell that can recognize the same antigen. When it does so, it activates the B-cell. 5. Suppressor T-cell ...
body defenses
body defenses

... • Poor hygiene among patients and hospital staff contributes to the spread of pathogens in this way. ...
Kuby Immunology 6/e - Dr. Jennifer Capers, PhD
Kuby Immunology 6/e - Dr. Jennifer Capers, PhD

... Although lymphocyte extravasation is similar to neutrophils, different subsets of lymphocytes must make it into different tissues ○ Naïve lymphocytes  Migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue to encounter antigen ○ Effector and memory lymphocytes  Home to regions of infection  Memory cells will tend ...
innate immunity
innate immunity

... holes, the cell will die, because water rushing inside the cell will induce osmotic swelling, and an influx of calcium may trigger apoptosis. ...
• thymic corpuscle- small spherical bodies of keratinized and usually
• thymic corpuscle- small spherical bodies of keratinized and usually

... inclusions that are found within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and are *composed of prekeratin intermediate filaments. Hepatic *stellate cell promote collagen deposition and fibrosis in alcoholic cirrhosis. Best place to sample cells for hematopoiesis- sternum. Also done in ribs, vertebra, iliac cres ...
BIOC39H – Immunology  Winter 2016 Course Syllabus
BIOC39H – Immunology Winter 2016 Course Syllabus

... and virology. The concepts and methods of these disciplines are fundamental to the study of the immune system and as such, this course aims to provide students with an appreciation of the interdisciplinary relationship between these subjects. This course is designed to introduce the molecular and ce ...
Chapter 15 Supplement
Chapter 15 Supplement

... participate in the alternative pathway. Instead, plasma protein factors (including properdin factors B and D) work in tandem with complement proteins C3 and C5 through C9 to attract phagocytes and enhance phagocytosis, inflammation, and the destruction of bacteria and certain viruses. (3) A third ma ...
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae

... functions in defense against extracellular microbes. Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by T lymphocytes and their products, such as cytokines, and is important for defense against intracellular microbes. Immunity may be acquired by a response to antigen (active immunity) or conferred by transfer of ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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