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2 nd C. BCE
2 nd C. BCE

... teacher of new moral code reputation for miracle-working Romans feared instigation of rebellion  Crucified as punishment for breaking law ...
Tilburg University The jurisdiction of the pontiff in the Roman
Tilburg University The jurisdiction of the pontiff in the Roman

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Romanization of Spain. Conclusion I - e
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... such state of things. After a temporary prosperity under Augustus, the Italian agriculture must have suffered another crisis. On the one hand wealthy senators and equestrians and on the other libertines like Petronius' Trimalchio, who had grown rich, began to acquite more and more plots of land supe ...
Scholarship Classical Studies (93404) 2015
Scholarship Classical Studies (93404) 2015

... RESOURCE F: Cicero on proper use of the Sibylline oracles Roman statesman and philosopher Cicero (106–43 BCE) argues in favour of state control of religion. In this passage, he expresses his concern that the Sibylline Books, a collection of oracles and ritual texts, should not be used to justify giv ...
Spartacus
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... stationed his troops near Foggia and ambushed Crixus' bands there. During the fierce battle, Crixus lost 2,000, or two­thirds, of his men. He also lost his own life. While the fight was going on, Clodianus attacked Spartacus. But he failed to crush the rebels. In a dramatic (10)  ___________________ ...
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Celts and Romans: The Transformation from Natural to Civic Religion
Celts and Romans: The Transformation from Natural to Civic Religion

... chronicler of Roman history, attests that King Numa was the original founder of the early priesthoods.4 In this period there are several major developments in Roman history that influence their religion. The first of these events was the expulsion of the kings. Since Numa's time, the kings had becom ...
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Annals 15 and the Annalistic Tradition: Structuring

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106744620 - BORA - UiB
106744620 - BORA - UiB

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Christianity and Gender in Imperial Roman Policy, 57-235.

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The Power of Images in the Ag. of Augustus
The Power of Images in the Ag. of Augustus

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... The ancient writers of the history of the second century B. C. emphasized, somewhat exaggeratedly, no doubt, that the conflict which ended in the death of Tiberius Gracchus was the first violent civil conflict in the history of the Roman Republic. Certainly the assassination of Tiberius was the firs ...
May 2013 - CSUN ScholarWorks - California State University
May 2013 - CSUN ScholarWorks - California State University

Commodus
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The Spartacus War. - Michigan War Studies Review
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... necessary for survival would be difficult to instill in an army of rebels and fugitives. The break with Crixus and the turning back from the Alps are indicative of the army’s indiscipline. There is also a tradition that Spartacus tried—but failed—to prevent his men from committing horrible atrocitie ...
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last modified, 15 July 2009

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Les Horaces (The Horatii) by Pierre Corneille
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The Romulus and Remus Myth as a Source of Insight into Greek and
The Romulus and Remus Myth as a Source of Insight into Greek and

Not by a Nose: The Triumph of Antony and Cleopatra at Actium, 31 BC
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... Book thirty-nine of Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita opens with a passage that directly addresses the importance of the seemingly endemic Roman campaigns in Liguria, which were fought almost yearly from 197 to 171: This enemy [the Ligurians] was born, as it were, to keep alive the military discipline of the R ...
In Death, Immortality - Trinity College Digital Repository
In Death, Immortality - Trinity College Digital Repository

... from the tutelage of Lopez de Hoyos and from his own voracious reading of Spanish literature and Italian poetry.6 If we assume that Cervantes was indeed trained by a humanist scholar such as Lopez de Hoyos, surely he would be familiar with the tale from antiquity. From the remarkable correspondence ...
Herring The Genius of Hannibal
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... Polybius III, 54-56). And thus in spite of Hannibal’s great victories at Trebia, Trasimene and Cannae, he was unable to destroy Roman power. Failure by Carthage to effectively deploy its forces was a further factor which prevented a Roman defeat. The forces they did send from Carthage were dispersed ...
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Early Roman army

The Early Roman army was deployed by ancient Rome during its Regal Era and into the early Republic around 300 BC, when the so-called ""Polybian"" or manipular legion was introduced.Until c. 550 BC, there was probably no ""national"" Roman army, but a series of clan-based war-bands, which only coalesced into a united force in periods of serious external threat. Around 550 BC, during the period conventionally known as the rule of king Servius Tullius, it appears that a universal levy of eligible adult male citizens was instituted. This development apparently coincided with the introduction of heavy armour for most of the infantry.The early Roman army was based on a compulsory levy from adult male citizens that was held at the start of each campaigning season, in those years that war was declared. There were probably no standing or professional forces. During the Regal Era (to c. 500 BC), the standard levy was probably of 9,000 men, consisting of 6,000 heavily armed infantry (probably Greek-style hoplites), plus 2,400 light-armed infantry (rorarii, later called velites) and 600 light cavalry (equites celeres). When the kings were replaced by two annually-elected praetores in c. 500 BC, the standard levy remained of the same size, but was now divided equally between the Praetors, each commanding one legion of 4,500 men.It is likely that the hoplite element was deployed in a Greek-style phalanx formation in large set-piece battles. However, these were relatively rare, with most fighting consisting of small-scale border-raids and skirmishing. In these, the Romans would fight in their basic tactical unit, the centuria of 100 men. In addition, clan-based forces remained in existence until at least c. 450 BC, although they would operate under the Praetors' authority, at least nominally.In 493 BC, shortly after the establishment of the Roman Republic, Rome concluded a perpetual treaty of military alliance (the foedus Cassianum), with the combined other Latin city-states. The treaty, probably motivated by the need for the Latins to deploy a united defence against incursions by neighbouring hill-tribes, provided for each party to provide an equal force for campaigns under unified command. It remained in force until 358 BC.
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