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complete calendar
complete calendar

... The Kalends is the first day of the month and was celebrated as a religious holy day to Juno, the Roman Queen Goddess. In the earliest Roman lunar calendar, the Kalends was the day of the New Moon. In Roman society, interest on a debt was due on the Kalends. Under the lunar calendar, a pontifex (pri ...
three studies - Durham e-Theses
three studies - Durham e-Theses

PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University

... research. This book focuses on one of those ‘insane despots’. The emperor Commodus was the first purple-born Roman emperor, and according to our literary sources an evil tyrant - Hollywood style. Dramatic stories about his life are easy to find. This ‘political biography’, however, aims to extend be ...
Honors Thesis
Honors Thesis

... course, Dionysius paints a positive and narrow picture of the patron-client relationship. Even by his own day, this traditional connection had expanded with the borders of Rome and characterized the political system in the capital. There are several identifiable problems with Dionysius’ attempt retr ...
dbm army lists
dbm army lists

... Each list is designed to produce 300 AP to 500 AP armies which closely simulate their real life prototype, while still allowing sufficient flexibility to cover historical variations during the period and legitimate differences of opinion or personal preference. Most of them include about 200 AP of c ...
The Portrayal and Role of Anger in the Res Gestae of Ammianus
The Portrayal and Role of Anger in the Res Gestae of Ammianus

... Roman Empire from Gaul to Germania, to Illyricum, Spain, Africa, Thrace, Syria and Italy. There are even major books that cover the wars in Persia that occupied so much of the Eastern emperors’ reigns. The period is contained in the extant volumes of Ammianus’ works, from Books 14-31, but my thesis ...
ARRIAN OF NICOMEDIA: GRECO
ARRIAN OF NICOMEDIA: GRECO

... that he retired to Athens, where he served as archon, a largely ceremonial post at the time.42 It is there, in retirement, that Syme and other historians believe Arrian did the bulk of his writing, 43 but the chronology of Arrian’s writings remains disputed by historians. According to Bosworth, in c ...
Spartacus Mythistoricus: Winning Spartacus into the
Spartacus Mythistoricus: Winning Spartacus into the

... strategy that had not been used previously in disciplining Roman soldiers during the revolt – scaring the troops into obedience. He used the ancient punishment of decimation (i.e. the random selection and execution of one out of ten soldiers) for those who had previously shown themselves to be cowar ...
(Vol. 4)ã
(Vol. 4)ã

... 4862. From there, Caesar sent Aristobulus to his own country of Palestine that he might do something against Pompey. {Dio, l. 41.} Josephus stated that Caesar sent Aristobulus after freeing him from prison to go into Syria. He gave him two legions that he might the more easily keep the province in o ...
The Caecilii Metelli - BYU ScholarsArchive
The Caecilii Metelli - BYU ScholarsArchive

CONSTRUCTING CAESAR: JULIUS CAESAR`S
CONSTRUCTING CAESAR: JULIUS CAESAR`S

Four Rounds - The Latin Library
Four Rounds - The Latin Library

... 5Tossup) Translate the prepositional phrase in this sentence. Senator in forum ambulat. ANSWER: into the forum (do not accept in the forum) Bonus1: translate the prep phrase in this sentence: Julius sleeps in the bedroom. ANSWER: in cubiculo Bonus2: translate the prep phrase in this sentence. She w ...
julius caesar: the colossus of rome
julius caesar: the colossus of rome

... enthusiastic amateurs, have written about one or both of these topics, creating a huge bibliography on the subject. Since it has been my aim to write for a wider audience than just fellow scholars of ancient Rome, I have not in this book followed the scholar’s habit of carrying on a running debate w ...
Faunus and the Fauns in Latin Literature of the Republic and Early
Faunus and the Fauns in Latin Literature of the Republic and Early

... Secondary literature ......................................................................................... 127 ...
- CUNY Academic Works
- CUNY Academic Works

... and acting to resolve a variety of emergent problems both civil and military. This narrative has furnished insights into how the dictatorship was used and the role that it played in the Romans’ conception of their state. The emerging picture of the archaic Roman dictatorship is of an office that was ...
From Germanicus to Corbulo: The Evolution of Generalship under
From Germanicus to Corbulo: The Evolution of Generalship under

... official power. In the Annales, then, it seems clear that Caesar is not reserved solely for principes, but for anybody possessing some significant amount of power. This assertion is further supported by Tacitus’ naming habits for Augustus. As can be seen in the above charts, Augustus is overwhelming ...
View - OhioLINK ETD
View - OhioLINK ETD

... optimates and populares has been embedded in arguments about Sulpicius Rufus, and where his actions have seemed inconsistent in supporting one side or the other, scholars have assumed he had a dramatic and emotionally motivated reversal of political allegiance. Without this underlying assumption of ...
HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

... the fine language of Corneille 'Un grand destin commence, un grand destin s'acheve.'" This extent and harmony of design is unquestionably that which distinguishes the work of Gibbon from all other great historical compositions. He has first bridged the abyss between ancient and modern times, and con ...
a report for an internship carried out at the rwanda
a report for an internship carried out at the rwanda

... in its proper place, but it may be as well to state it, here, somewhat more at length. The art of Gibbon, or at least the unfair impression produced by his two memorable chapters, consists in his confounding together, in one indistinguishable mass, the origin and apostolic propagation of the new rel ...
this document as a
this document as a

... to retire, and promises them Lands elsewhere.--They refuse to go--and are destroyed.--Bridge over the Rhine.--Caesar invades Germany.--Returns after a Short Inroad.--First Expedition into Britain.--Caesar lands at Deal, or Walmer.--Storm and Injury to the Fleet.--Approach of the Equinox.-Further Pro ...
Icon - ResearchSpace@Auckland
Icon - ResearchSpace@Auckland

... BC and a serious threat to Rome‟s suzerainty over Italy. Consequently, for many Romans, from at least the first century BC and possibly earlier, Hannibal embodied the archetype for a worthy enemy. His metamorphosis into the epitome of an eternal enemy is a representation which may, as this thesis su ...
Open Access - Ghent University Academic Bibliography
Open Access - Ghent University Academic Bibliography

... Rome in the East, 200-146 B.C. Rome‖s expansion into the East and the policy that directed it have long been a subject of intense scholarly debate. Unsurprisingly, opinions vary, and widely so. Fundamental for this topic in the twentieth century are the works of T. Frank,1 M. Holleaux2 and E Badian ...
Caesar: A Sketch
Caesar: A Sketch

james anthony froude caesar: a sketch
james anthony froude caesar: a sketch

... entirely depended upon are brought to an end. The secondary group of authorities from which the popular histories of the time have been chiefly taken are Appian, Plutarch, Suetonius, and Dion Cassius. Of these the first three were divided from the period which they describe by nearly a century and a ...
- Nottingham ePrints
- Nottingham ePrints

... But of course, the faults that remain are my own. Several other academics have lent their assistance doing the three years. I would like to thank Jacob Isager, who introduced me to Gurval’s book many years ago and has helped in numerous ways, especially on Nicopolis and Apollo. The Department of Cla ...
1 2 3 4 5 ... 259 >

Early Roman army

The Early Roman army was deployed by ancient Rome during its Regal Era and into the early Republic around 300 BC, when the so-called ""Polybian"" or manipular legion was introduced.Until c. 550 BC, there was probably no ""national"" Roman army, but a series of clan-based war-bands, which only coalesced into a united force in periods of serious external threat. Around 550 BC, during the period conventionally known as the rule of king Servius Tullius, it appears that a universal levy of eligible adult male citizens was instituted. This development apparently coincided with the introduction of heavy armour for most of the infantry.The early Roman army was based on a compulsory levy from adult male citizens that was held at the start of each campaigning season, in those years that war was declared. There were probably no standing or professional forces. During the Regal Era (to c. 500 BC), the standard levy was probably of 9,000 men, consisting of 6,000 heavily armed infantry (probably Greek-style hoplites), plus 2,400 light-armed infantry (rorarii, later called velites) and 600 light cavalry (equites celeres). When the kings were replaced by two annually-elected praetores in c. 500 BC, the standard levy remained of the same size, but was now divided equally between the Praetors, each commanding one legion of 4,500 men.It is likely that the hoplite element was deployed in a Greek-style phalanx formation in large set-piece battles. However, these were relatively rare, with most fighting consisting of small-scale border-raids and skirmishing. In these, the Romans would fight in their basic tactical unit, the centuria of 100 men. In addition, clan-based forces remained in existence until at least c. 450 BC, although they would operate under the Praetors' authority, at least nominally.In 493 BC, shortly after the establishment of the Roman Republic, Rome concluded a perpetual treaty of military alliance (the foedus Cassianum), with the combined other Latin city-states. The treaty, probably motivated by the need for the Latins to deploy a united defence against incursions by neighbouring hill-tribes, provided for each party to provide an equal force for campaigns under unified command. It remained in force until 358 BC.
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