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Chapter 4: Network Layer
Chapter 4: Network Layer

... Virtual circuits: signaling protocols • used to set up, maintain, and tear down VC • used in ATM, frame-relay, X.25 • not used in today’s Internet ...
New Bulgarian University
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... which the packet is to be sent on the way to its final destination Depending on the application and implementation, it can also contain additional values that refine path selection: ...
Preventing Black Hole Attack in MANETs Using Randomized Multipath Routing Algorithm
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... in the network. The Nodes are systems or devices i.e. mobile phone, laptop, personal digital assistance and personal computer that are participating in the network and are mobile[2]. These nodes can act as router or host or both at same time. They can form random topologies depending on their connec ...
Interconnection Networks
Interconnection Networks

... – IP : layer above interconnection network - routes datagram to destination machine – TCP : layer above IP - guaranees reliable, in-order delivery and prevents corruption of data ...
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... Suitable protocol for the V2I communication of In-car LANs ...
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... • Attacks can be broadly classified into • Routing disruption attacks • Resource consumption attacks • Attacks on data traffic ...
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... especially useful for moderate sample sizes, where it may not be feasible to set aside a validation set to assess predictive performance (10). It has been shown that the LOO-CV estimator for prediction error is unbiased for the true prediction error (11,12). In LOO-CV, the discriminant function is t ...
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... b. Both IP routers and Ethernet hubs drop packets when there is congestion. c. Ethernet switches learn the location of hosts on their network by observing the frames they process. d. If an IP router doesn’t know the location of a destination IP address in a packet it receives, it will flood the pack ...
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... Hierarchical Addressing Needed for internetwork traffic. (Think Zip Codes or Phone #). Network Layer Protocols: ...
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IEEE 802.1aq

Shortest Path Bridging (SPB), specified in the IEEE 802.1aq standard, is a computer networking technology intended to simplify the creation and configuration of networks, while enabling multipath routing.For non-experts, or non-technical readers SPB is an IEEE standard that combines many functions of routing, bridging, load balancing (link aggregration, multi-chassis link aggregation, equal-cost multi-path routing, network virtualization) and tunneling (virtual routing and forwarding, stealth networks, layer-2 virtual service networks (L2VSN), and layer-3 virtual service networks (L3VSN)) into a single easy to configure protocol, which can yield a variety of benefits such as better fault tolerance, increased bandwidth, and improved security.Shortest Path Bridging is the replacement for the older spanning tree protocols (STP) (spanning tree protocol IEEE 802.1D, rapid spanning tree protocol (RSTP) IEEE 802.1w, multiple spanning tree protocol (MSTP) IEEE 802.1s) that permitted only a single path toward the root bridge and blocked any redundant paths that could result in a layer 2 loop. SPB allows all paths to be active with multiple equal cost paths, and provides much larger layer 2 topologies (up to 16 million compared to the traditional virtual local area network (VLAN) limit of 4,096 specified in the IEEE standard 802.1Q). It also supports faster convergence times, and improves the efficiency of the mesh topologies through increased bandwidth and redundancy between all devices, allowing traffic to load share across all paths of a mesh network. To enhance resiliency in the access layer SPB can also be integrated with link aggregation functions, such as standards-based link aggregation (IEEE 802.1AX) and proprietary multi-chassis link aggregation (MC-LAG) implementations.The technology provides logical Ethernet networks on native Ethernet infrastructures using a link state protocol to advertise both topology and logical network membership. Packets are encapsulated at the edge either in media access control-in-media access control (MAC-in-MAC) 802.1ah or tagged 802.1Q/802.1ad frames and transported only to other members of the logical network. Unicast, multicast, and broadcast are supported and all routing is on a symmetric shortest paths.The control plane is based on the Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS), leveraging a small number of extensions defined in Request for Comments(RFC) 6329.
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