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Figure 2-4
Figure 2-4

... internet or data link layer reliable because this would require complex processing on many routers or switches, respectively. • The transport layer is the highest layer below the application layer. TCP’s reliability fixes errors at the transport layer and all lower layers in the process. This allows ...
CCNA 1 Module 10 Routing Fundamentals and Subnets - CIC-CBU
CCNA 1 Module 10 Routing Fundamentals and Subnets - CIC-CBU

... • IP is unreliable and best-effort as IP does not verify that the data reached its destination and therefore does not resend missing packets. • Reliability and resending of packets is handled by the upper layer protocols. • IP may be used in conjunction with TCP to add a Layer 4, connectionoriented ...
How Ethernet Works
How Ethernet Works

CSC 335 Data Communications and Networking I
CSC 335 Data Communications and Networking I

... • Credit Mechanism • A credit, stored in the segment’s window field, specifies the maximum number of bytes the entity (node) sending this segment can receive and buffer from the other entity (node). See Fig. 7.46. ...
Switching vs Routing Overview
Switching vs Routing Overview

... A switch does not just pass electrical signals along, like a hub does; instead, it assembles the signals into a frame (layer two), and then decides what to do with the frame. A switch determines what to do with a frame by borrowing an algorithm from another common networking device: a transparent br ...
www.buet.ac.bd
www.buet.ac.bd

...  Init: send request message asking for vectors  Format can carry upto 25 routes (within 512 bytes)  RIPv1 does not carry subnet masks => many networks use default of 255.255.255.0 ...
Describe number and configuration of disks on
Describe number and configuration of disks on

... Here is the short description of how Mirantis OpenStack HA works: To protect core OpenStack services from node failure, all control plane components are distributed across multiple Controller nodes. A minimum of 3 nodes is required to provide high availability for the cloud control plane. It is poss ...
+---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+ | TSN
+---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+ | TSN

... Remember the simple DetNet enabled network example ...
General comments on candidates` performance Question A1
General comments on candidates` performance Question A1

... Acknowledgements are identified by means of the ACK bit and acknowledgement number within the TCP header.  A positive acknowledgement is indicated by virtue of the fact that the ACK bit is set and then the acknowledgement number will indicate the number of the first non-acknowledged octet. In other ...
Chapter4
Chapter4

... - just one IP address is used for all devices  devices inside local net not explicitly addressable, visible by outside world (a security plus) • Cannot be scanned or infected by worm or attackers outside ...
A secure routing protocol for ad hoc networks
A secure routing protocol for ad hoc networks

... join together and create a network by agreeing to route messages for each other. There is no shared infrastructure in an ad hoc network, such as centralized routers or defined administrative policy. All proposed protocols [9, 12, 13, 14, 15] have security vulnerabilities and exposures that easily al ...
presentation
presentation

... Connects with ~4 other FETs Neuron: Connects with ~103-104 other neurons Resource virtualization becomes essential in VLSI (Zaveri & Hammerstrom, 2011) ...
Congestion
Congestion

... “no frills,” “bare bones” Internet transport protocol “best effort” service, UDP segments may be:  lost  delivered out-of-order to app connectionless:  no handshaking between UDP sender, receiver  each UDP segment handled independently of others ...
E1922
E1922

... wireless networks because of their high bandwidth (up to Gbps), low cost easy installation and also license free long range spectrum. Existence of line of site and alignment between the nodes is one of the key requirements for free space optical communication. In this paper the free space (FSO) comm ...
Talk 2 - IIT Guwahati
Talk 2 - IIT Guwahati

... Internet peers organize themselves into an overlay tree on top of the Internet.  Packet replication and forwarding are performed by peers in the application layer by using IP unicast service. ...
PPT
PPT

... • Preamble: 8 bytes ...
MOBILE/WIRELESS NETWORKS
MOBILE/WIRELESS NETWORKS

... Solves issue with topologically correct sender addresses Still inefficient since all packets (forward and reverse) go through home agent ...
Communication Systems and Networks
Communication Systems and Networks

...  Topology may change frequently  Limited power, computational capability and memory  Broadcasting vs. point-to-point  Sensor nodes may not have global identification ID because of the large amount of overhead and large ...
Improving Ad Hoc Network Behaviour Using Clustering Technique with NS2  I
Improving Ad Hoc Network Behaviour Using Clustering Technique with NS2 I

... ABSTRACT: A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a network in which data are transmitted from the sender to the receiver without the need for any infrastructure. In this network, the connected nodes may be in the form of laptops, mobile phones, personal digital assistant (PDA), and so on, and any node c ...
Figure 15.1 A distributed multimedia system
Figure 15.1 A distributed multimedia system

... open a TCP connection for data transfer or to return a message containing all or part of the object’s state. The final optional parameter [n], if present, requests the delivery of the same message to n replicas of the object. Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distribut ...
PDF
PDF

... clients of these systems benefit significantly from being directed to blacklists to exclude probing specific clients. Currently, this effort the nearest suitable service component. Selecting a close-by server must be repeated for each new service. is critical in order to ensure that the services pro ...
ch22 part 3
ch22 part 3

... area and send it to other routers.  Backbone area [Primary area]: All the areas inside an autonomous system must be connected to the backbone. Routers in this area are called as backbone routers. This area identification number is 0.  If, due to some problem, the connectivity between a backbone an ...
Chapter 5: Data Link Layer, MAC protocols, and Local Area Networks
Chapter 5: Data Link Layer, MAC protocols, and Local Area Networks

...  seldom used on low bit-error link (fiber, some twisted pair)  wireless links: high error rates • Q: why both link-level and end-end reliability? 5: DataLink Layer ...
comm3380-slides-week08_PA1
comm3380-slides-week08_PA1

slides - network systems lab @ sfu
slides - network systems lab @ sfu

... − Detected by the absence of heart beat messages sent periodically in regular operation − Neighbors initiate takeover timers, proportional to the volume of their zones − Neighbor with smallest timer takes over zone of dead node − notifies other neighbors so they cancel their timers (some negotiation ...
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CAN bus

A controller area network (CAN bus) is a vehicle bus standard designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other in applications without a host computer. It is a message-based protocol, designed originally for multiplex electrical wiring within automobiles, but is also used in many other contexts.Development of the CAN bus started in 1983 at Robert Bosch GmbH. The protocol was officially released in 1986 at the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) congress in Detroit, Michigan. The first CAN controller chips, produced by Intel and Philips, came on the market in 1987. The 1988 BMW 8 Series was the first production vehicle to feature a CAN-based multiplex wiring system.Bosch published several versions of the CAN specification and the latest is CAN 2.0 published in 1991. This specification has two parts; part A is for the standard format with an 11-bit identifier, and part B is for the extended format with a 29-bit identifier. A CAN device that uses 11-bit identifiers is commonly called CAN 2.0A and a CAN device that uses 29-bit identifiers is commonly called CAN 2.0B. These standards are freely available from Bosch along with other specifications and white papers.In 1993 the International Organization for Standardization released the CAN standard ISO 11898 which was later restructured into two parts; ISO 11898-1 which covers the data link layer, and ISO 11898-2 which covers the CAN physical layer for high-speed CAN. ISO 11898-3 was released later and covers the CAN physical layer for low-speed, fault-tolerant CAN. The physical layer standards ISO 11898-2 and ISO 11898-3 are not part of the Bosch CAN 2.0 specification. These standards may be purchased from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).CAN in Automation (CiA) also published CAN standards; CAN Specification 2.0 part A and part B, but their status is now obsolete (superseded by ISO 11898-1).Bosch is still active in extending the CAN standards. In 2012 Bosch released CAN FD 1.0 or CAN with Flexible Data-Rate. This specification uses a different frame format that allows a different data length as well as optionally switching to a faster bit rate after the arbitration is decided. CAN FD is compatible with existing CAN 2.0 networks so new CAN FD devices can coexist on the same network with existing CAN devices.CAN bus is one of five protocols used in the on-board diagnostics (OBD)-II vehicle diagnostics standard. The OBD-II standard has been mandatory for all cars and light trucks sold in the United States since 1996, and the EOBD standard has been mandatory for all petrol vehicles sold in the European Union since 2001 and all diesel vehicles since 2004.
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