a curated database for protein phosphorylation sites in prokaryotes
... Received 22 September 2014; Revised 10 March 2015; Accepted 13 March 2015 ...
... Received 22 September 2014; Revised 10 March 2015; Accepted 13 March 2015 ...
H - IS MU
... Fructose-1-P accumulates in the liver cells to such an extent that most of the inorganic phosphate is removed from the cytosol. Phosphate is needed for function of glycogen phosphorylase, oxidative phosphorylation is inhibited and hypoglycaemia also appears (Fru-1-P inhibits both glycolysis and gluc ...
... Fructose-1-P accumulates in the liver cells to such an extent that most of the inorganic phosphate is removed from the cytosol. Phosphate is needed for function of glycogen phosphorylase, oxidative phosphorylation is inhibited and hypoglycaemia also appears (Fru-1-P inhibits both glycolysis and gluc ...
Chapter 7: Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy
... Electrons from Glucose • As a material is oxidized, the electrons it loses transfer to another material, which is thereby reduced. • Such redox reactions transfer a lot of energy. • Much of the energy liberated by the oxidation of the reducing agent is captured in the reduction of the ...
... Electrons from Glucose • As a material is oxidized, the electrons it loses transfer to another material, which is thereby reduced. • Such redox reactions transfer a lot of energy. • Much of the energy liberated by the oxidation of the reducing agent is captured in the reduction of the ...
Isolation and Characterization of Plastidic Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
... reductant and precursors for a variety of biosynthetic reactions. The steps of the OPPP are outlined in Figure 1. The OPPP is divided into two main phases namely oxidative or regenerative. The oxidative phase begins with G-6-P being oxidized by glucose 6phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphog ...
... reductant and precursors for a variety of biosynthetic reactions. The steps of the OPPP are outlined in Figure 1. The OPPP is divided into two main phases namely oxidative or regenerative. The oxidative phase begins with G-6-P being oxidized by glucose 6phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphog ...
CHAPTER 15 - GLYCOGEN METABOLISM AND
... provide energy, whereas energy-rich indicators should inhibit breakdown (G6P, ATP) and enhance synthesis (G6P). Direct allosteric control of glycogen metabolism is similar to that of the committed step in glycolysis in that both this step and its reversal occur via different enzymes, as does glycog ...
... provide energy, whereas energy-rich indicators should inhibit breakdown (G6P, ATP) and enhance synthesis (G6P). Direct allosteric control of glycogen metabolism is similar to that of the committed step in glycolysis in that both this step and its reversal occur via different enzymes, as does glycog ...
Proteases of Senescing Oat Leaves
... that mercaptoethanol stimulates the activity of only the neutral protease, Protease Extraction and Purification. Procedures for homogeare taken to indicate that the acid protease is probably of the serine type, nization of the tissue and purification of the extracts have been whereas the neutral enz ...
... that mercaptoethanol stimulates the activity of only the neutral protease, Protease Extraction and Purification. Procedures for homogeare taken to indicate that the acid protease is probably of the serine type, nization of the tissue and purification of the extracts have been whereas the neutral enz ...
Handout 14, 15 - U of L Class Index
... Post-translational processing of proteins Translation is not the end of the gene expression. The polypeptide that emerges is inactive, but before it must undergo at least the first of the following steps: Protein folding. The polypeptide is inactive until it is folded into its correct tertiary struc ...
... Post-translational processing of proteins Translation is not the end of the gene expression. The polypeptide that emerges is inactive, but before it must undergo at least the first of the following steps: Protein folding. The polypeptide is inactive until it is folded into its correct tertiary struc ...
Planta
... Fruit development and ripening are key processes in the production of the phytonutrients that are essential for a balanced diet and for disease prevention. The pathways involved in these processes are unique to plants and vary between species. Climacteric fruit ripening, especially in tomato, has be ...
... Fruit development and ripening are key processes in the production of the phytonutrients that are essential for a balanced diet and for disease prevention. The pathways involved in these processes are unique to plants and vary between species. Climacteric fruit ripening, especially in tomato, has be ...
Activities of Enzymes Involved in Fatty Acid Metabolism in the Colon
... enzyme is thought to be a good indicator of lipogenesis (Lee and Kauffman, 1974; Leveille, 1970). In addition, fatty acids are degraded by oxidation at the β-carbon in mitochondria. Ketogenesis occurs mainly in the hepatocytes, but also in the intestines of suckling mammals (Thumelin et al., 1993). ...
... enzyme is thought to be a good indicator of lipogenesis (Lee and Kauffman, 1974; Leveille, 1970). In addition, fatty acids are degraded by oxidation at the β-carbon in mitochondria. Ketogenesis occurs mainly in the hepatocytes, but also in the intestines of suckling mammals (Thumelin et al., 1993). ...
Biochemistry 7/e
... While phosphorylase a is bound to PP1 and GL, PP1 is inactive and thus nonfunctional. Upon glucose binding, conformation of phosphorylase a is changed to T state. This causes detachment of PP1 and GL from phosphorylase a. Upon conformational change to T state, serine 14 on phosphorylase a is ...
... While phosphorylase a is bound to PP1 and GL, PP1 is inactive and thus nonfunctional. Upon glucose binding, conformation of phosphorylase a is changed to T state. This causes detachment of PP1 and GL from phosphorylase a. Upon conformational change to T state, serine 14 on phosphorylase a is ...
Integration and topology of membrane proteins Carolina Boekel
... transported across or into a membrane. How are proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm of the cell and inserted across or into the membranes? The eukaryotic cell contains both a plasma membrane and internal membranes. These internal membranes create vesicles and organelles such as the nucleus, endopla ...
... transported across or into a membrane. How are proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm of the cell and inserted across or into the membranes? The eukaryotic cell contains both a plasma membrane and internal membranes. These internal membranes create vesicles and organelles such as the nucleus, endopla ...
Enzymes - Weber State University
... from binding. It therefore reduces the number of ES complexes that may form, slowing the reaction velocity. Competitive inhibition can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration. Noncompetitive Inhibition: An inhibitor molecule binds to a different site other than the active site, decreasing ...
... from binding. It therefore reduces the number of ES complexes that may form, slowing the reaction velocity. Competitive inhibition can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration. Noncompetitive Inhibition: An inhibitor molecule binds to a different site other than the active site, decreasing ...
Enzymes
... from binding. It therefore reduces the number of ES complexes that may form, slowing the reaction velocity. Competitive inhibition can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration. Noncompetitive Inhibition: An inhibitor molecule binds to a different site other than the active site, decreasing ...
... from binding. It therefore reduces the number of ES complexes that may form, slowing the reaction velocity. Competitive inhibition can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration. Noncompetitive Inhibition: An inhibitor molecule binds to a different site other than the active site, decreasing ...
ribosomal defects in a mutant deficient in the yajl homolog of the
... 3B) (the expression of genes cbdABX coding for the second bd-type oxidase was negligible in both strains (not shown)). As expected for aerobic cells, genes coding for anaerobic nitrate, nitrite, DMSO, TMNAO reductases and hydrogenase C were not significantly expressed in either of the two strains (F ...
... 3B) (the expression of genes cbdABX coding for the second bd-type oxidase was negligible in both strains (not shown)). As expected for aerobic cells, genes coding for anaerobic nitrate, nitrite, DMSO, TMNAO reductases and hydrogenase C were not significantly expressed in either of the two strains (F ...
Effect of non-ionic detergents on apparent enzyme mechanism
... enzyme. The specific activities (with 1 mM cholesterol dissolved in an aqueous solution of Triton X-100 as the substrate, at 37°C and pH 7.0) of wild type and V121A were 67.7 and 72.0 U/mg, respectively. The effects of pH on the activity and stability, and the optimum temperature of V121A were also ...
... enzyme. The specific activities (with 1 mM cholesterol dissolved in an aqueous solution of Triton X-100 as the substrate, at 37°C and pH 7.0) of wild type and V121A were 67.7 and 72.0 U/mg, respectively. The effects of pH on the activity and stability, and the optimum temperature of V121A were also ...
Cardiac mitochondrial matrix and respiratory complex - AJP
... catalyzes the phosphorylation of many proteins in cell extracts, consistent with a low absolute specificity. Indeed, as stated by the authors of KESTREL, a significant challenge in this type of study is deciphering the kinase phosphorylations that impact function versus neutral sites. Taking this co ...
... catalyzes the phosphorylation of many proteins in cell extracts, consistent with a low absolute specificity. Indeed, as stated by the authors of KESTREL, a significant challenge in this type of study is deciphering the kinase phosphorylations that impact function versus neutral sites. Taking this co ...
Carbohydrate metabolism
... There are 2 pathways for transport of material absorbed by intestine: • The hepatic portal system, which leads directly to the liver and transporting water-soluble nutrients. • Lymphatic vessels: which lead to the blood by way of thoracic duct and transport lipid soluble nutrients. ...
... There are 2 pathways for transport of material absorbed by intestine: • The hepatic portal system, which leads directly to the liver and transporting water-soluble nutrients. • Lymphatic vessels: which lead to the blood by way of thoracic duct and transport lipid soluble nutrients. ...
Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology
... Assimilating N and S is very expensive! • Reducing NO3- to NH4+ costs 8 e- (1 NADPH + 6 Fd) • Assimilating NH4+ into amino acids also costs ATP + e• Nitrogen fixation costs 16 ATP + 8 e• SO42- reduction to S2- costs 8 e- + 2ATP • S2- assimilation into Cysteine costs 2 more e• Most explosives are bas ...
... Assimilating N and S is very expensive! • Reducing NO3- to NH4+ costs 8 e- (1 NADPH + 6 Fd) • Assimilating NH4+ into amino acids also costs ATP + e• Nitrogen fixation costs 16 ATP + 8 e• SO42- reduction to S2- costs 8 e- + 2ATP • S2- assimilation into Cysteine costs 2 more e• Most explosives are bas ...
1 Analysis of Polyphenoloxidase Enzyme Activity from Potato Extract
... quickly and efficiently. The rate at which enzymes can catalyze particular reactions can be truly astonishing. For example, the catalase enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) to H2O and O2, can perform this reaction at a rate of 40,000,000 molecules of H2O2 per second! I ...
... quickly and efficiently. The rate at which enzymes can catalyze particular reactions can be truly astonishing. For example, the catalase enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) to H2O and O2, can perform this reaction at a rate of 40,000,000 molecules of H2O2 per second! I ...
Translation is simply the decoding of nucleotide sequences on
... transfer of the first amino acid at P site to the aminoacyl tRNA at the A site of the ribosome, forming a dipeptide tRNA at this position, and leaving the uncharged initiator tRNA at the P site. The next step in elongation is translocation, which requires another elongation factor known as transloca ...
... transfer of the first amino acid at P site to the aminoacyl tRNA at the A site of the ribosome, forming a dipeptide tRNA at this position, and leaving the uncharged initiator tRNA at the P site. The next step in elongation is translocation, which requires another elongation factor known as transloca ...
Four Amino Acids Are Converted to Succinyl
... • Propionyl-CoA, an intermediate on these pathways, is also a product of β-oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number of C atoms. ...
... • Propionyl-CoA, an intermediate on these pathways, is also a product of β-oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number of C atoms. ...
Click 1
... Well known examples of proteases: Plant proteases Papain is a traditional plant protease that is extracted from the latex of Carica papaya fruits, which are grown in subtropical areas of west and central Africa and India. Bromelain is prepared from the stem and juice of pineapples. Keratinases. So ...
... Well known examples of proteases: Plant proteases Papain is a traditional plant protease that is extracted from the latex of Carica papaya fruits, which are grown in subtropical areas of west and central Africa and India. Bromelain is prepared from the stem and juice of pineapples. Keratinases. So ...
The impact of sperm metabolism during in vitro storage: the stallion
... Spermatozoa are highly specialised mammalian cells, playing the vital roles of paternal DNA delivery and activation of the oocyte following fertilisation. The site of sperm deposition (in the vagina for the human and the uterus for the horse) is physically removed from the site of fertilisation (the ...
... Spermatozoa are highly specialised mammalian cells, playing the vital roles of paternal DNA delivery and activation of the oocyte following fertilisation. The site of sperm deposition (in the vagina for the human and the uterus for the horse) is physically removed from the site of fertilisation (the ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.