Electron Transport, NADPH Turnover, and Metabolism of Reactive
... to complexes I–IV, the plant mitochondrial ETC contains a non-proton-pumping alternative oxidase as well as two rotenone-insensitive, non-proton-pumping NAD(P)H dehydrogenases on each side of the inner membrane: NDex on the outer surface and NDin on the inner surface. Because of their dependence on ...
... to complexes I–IV, the plant mitochondrial ETC contains a non-proton-pumping alternative oxidase as well as two rotenone-insensitive, non-proton-pumping NAD(P)H dehydrogenases on each side of the inner membrane: NDex on the outer surface and NDin on the inner surface. Because of their dependence on ...
Chapter 12 Role of tunnels, channels and gates in enzymatic catalysis
... time, there is an increasing demand to engineer enzymes for the reactions needed for production of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food, agricultural additives and fuels1–3. Many of known enzymes have their active sites buried inside their protein core, rather than exposed to the bulk solvent at the pro ...
... time, there is an increasing demand to engineer enzymes for the reactions needed for production of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food, agricultural additives and fuels1–3. Many of known enzymes have their active sites buried inside their protein core, rather than exposed to the bulk solvent at the pro ...
Control of Maximum Rates of Glycolysis in Rat Cardiac Muscle
... stimulation of glycolysis resulted in increased cytosolic NADH/NAD ratios and the rate of disposal of glycolytically produced NADH appeared to limit the maximum glycolytic rate. In aerobic hearts, oxidation of glucose and lactate increased linearly as developed ventricular pressure was raised from 6 ...
... stimulation of glycolysis resulted in increased cytosolic NADH/NAD ratios and the rate of disposal of glycolytically produced NADH appeared to limit the maximum glycolytic rate. In aerobic hearts, oxidation of glucose and lactate increased linearly as developed ventricular pressure was raised from 6 ...
Overview of metabolism
... formed from non-carbohydrate sources for survival. It also occurs during intense exercise. These non-carbohydrate precursors include lactate, pyruvate, propionate, glycerol (from diet and lipolysis) and glucogenic amino acids. Site: Mitochondria and cytosol of Liver and kidney are almost the only or ...
... formed from non-carbohydrate sources for survival. It also occurs during intense exercise. These non-carbohydrate precursors include lactate, pyruvate, propionate, glycerol (from diet and lipolysis) and glucogenic amino acids. Site: Mitochondria and cytosol of Liver and kidney are almost the only or ...
Adaptation to hypoxia alters energy metabolism in rat - AJP
... to ATP demand. Furthermore, this increased requirement for energy occurs during conditions of low O2 availability. In the well-oxygenated heart, .95% of the ATP supply is generated by oxidative phosphorylation (for review see Ref. 1) to support cycling of the contractile proteins, maintain ion gradi ...
... to ATP demand. Furthermore, this increased requirement for energy occurs during conditions of low O2 availability. In the well-oxygenated heart, .95% of the ATP supply is generated by oxidative phosphorylation (for review see Ref. 1) to support cycling of the contractile proteins, maintain ion gradi ...
Partial Purification and Characterization of Three Flavonol
... activities accepting both substrates coeluted as a discrete peak. Analysis of the reaction products revealed that quercetin was converted to its 3-sulfate ester, whereas quercetin 3-sulfate gave rise to its 3,3'- and 3,4'-disulfate ester derivatives. These results indicated the presence in F. chlora ...
... activities accepting both substrates coeluted as a discrete peak. Analysis of the reaction products revealed that quercetin was converted to its 3-sulfate ester, whereas quercetin 3-sulfate gave rise to its 3,3'- and 3,4'-disulfate ester derivatives. These results indicated the presence in F. chlora ...
Chapter 2 - Carbon dioxide assimilation and respiration
... photosynthesis, that contrasted with the vast majority of other vascular plants. These included an unusual leaf anatomy, substantially higher rates of photosynthesis and growth, higher temperature and light optima for photosynthesis, a much higher water use efficiency, and a very low CO2 compensatio ...
... photosynthesis, that contrasted with the vast majority of other vascular plants. These included an unusual leaf anatomy, substantially higher rates of photosynthesis and growth, higher temperature and light optima for photosynthesis, a much higher water use efficiency, and a very low CO2 compensatio ...
Fatty Acid Catabolism Caloric Value of Fats and Carbohydrates
... • These hormones release the second messenger cAMP which activate hormone-sensitive lipase. • HSL hydrolyzes stored TG to release FA. • The mobilized fatty acids are released into the bloodstream where they associate with albumin and cirulate to various tissues in need of fuel. ...
... • These hormones release the second messenger cAMP which activate hormone-sensitive lipase. • HSL hydrolyzes stored TG to release FA. • The mobilized fatty acids are released into the bloodstream where they associate with albumin and cirulate to various tissues in need of fuel. ...
Porphyrins (Structure of Porphyrins)
... the cellular heme pool caused by fluctuating demands for heme proteins. In contrast, heme synthesis in erythroid cells is relatively constant , and is matched to globin synthesis The initial reaction and the last three steps occur in the mitochondria, whereas the intermediate steps occur in the cyto ...
... the cellular heme pool caused by fluctuating demands for heme proteins. In contrast, heme synthesis in erythroid cells is relatively constant , and is matched to globin synthesis The initial reaction and the last three steps occur in the mitochondria, whereas the intermediate steps occur in the cyto ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... Mikrobiologie I, Universit~t Tfibingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-7400 T/ibingen, FRG ...
... Mikrobiologie I, Universit~t Tfibingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-7400 T/ibingen, FRG ...
Coenzyme B 12-Dependent Ribonucleotide Reductase: Evidence
... ABSTRACT: Ribonucleoside triphosphate reductase (RTPR) from Lactobacillus leichmannii catalyzes the conversion of ribonucleotides to 2’-deoxyribonucleotides and requires adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a cofactor. Recent cloning, sequencing, and expression of this protein [Booker, S., & Stubbe, J. (19 ...
... ABSTRACT: Ribonucleoside triphosphate reductase (RTPR) from Lactobacillus leichmannii catalyzes the conversion of ribonucleotides to 2’-deoxyribonucleotides and requires adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a cofactor. Recent cloning, sequencing, and expression of this protein [Booker, S., & Stubbe, J. (19 ...
Protein phosphorylation in bacterial signal transduction
... were first discovered in Eukarya and later in Bacteria. Since it is very unlikely that the genes encoding these kinases arrived to almost all bacterial genomes by horizontal transfer from Eukarya, we would like to argue here that the name “eukaryotic type kinases” is somewhat misleading. Hanks kinase ...
... were first discovered in Eukarya and later in Bacteria. Since it is very unlikely that the genes encoding these kinases arrived to almost all bacterial genomes by horizontal transfer from Eukarya, we would like to argue here that the name “eukaryotic type kinases” is somewhat misleading. Hanks kinase ...
Oxidation numbers
... Hydrogen will have an oxidation number of +1 (rule 6, ammonia is not a metal hydride). At this stage we do not know the oxidation number for nitrogen. Determine the oxidation number of nitrogen by using the fact that the oxidation numbers of the atoms must add up to the charge on the compound In the ...
... Hydrogen will have an oxidation number of +1 (rule 6, ammonia is not a metal hydride). At this stage we do not know the oxidation number for nitrogen. Determine the oxidation number of nitrogen by using the fact that the oxidation numbers of the atoms must add up to the charge on the compound In the ...
Malate Dehydrogenases – Structure and Function
... with mitochondrial MDHs have shown that this enzyme is allosterically regulated. High concentrations of malate stimulate the production of oxaloacetate, while high concentrations of oxaloacetate inhibit the reaction (Mullinax et al. 1982; Fahien et al. 1988). Citrate also affects MDH activity by ver ...
... with mitochondrial MDHs have shown that this enzyme is allosterically regulated. High concentrations of malate stimulate the production of oxaloacetate, while high concentrations of oxaloacetate inhibit the reaction (Mullinax et al. 1982; Fahien et al. 1988). Citrate also affects MDH activity by ver ...
143 BBA 35 oo4 INTERACTION OF NEUROSPORA
... Mitochondria, whether from fungi or animal cells, are composed of an outer and inner membrane. The 2 membranes of beef-heart mitochondria differ in respect to the nature of repeating units, enzymic composition, chemical composition and function27, ". In particular, enzymes of the citric acid cycle, ...
... Mitochondria, whether from fungi or animal cells, are composed of an outer and inner membrane. The 2 membranes of beef-heart mitochondria differ in respect to the nature of repeating units, enzymic composition, chemical composition and function27, ". In particular, enzymes of the citric acid cycle, ...
University of Groningen Mutants and homologs of
... deficient in processing. It was shown that a bound water molecule plays a pivotal role in activating the hydroxyl group of Serβ1, which is the nucleophile in the first processing step [53-55] (Figure 3). If this water is forced out by mutating Pheβ177 to proline, the hydroxyl group is not positioned ...
... deficient in processing. It was shown that a bound water molecule plays a pivotal role in activating the hydroxyl group of Serβ1, which is the nucleophile in the first processing step [53-55] (Figure 3). If this water is forced out by mutating Pheβ177 to proline, the hydroxyl group is not positioned ...
Sulfur Metabolism in Escherichia coli and Related Bacteria: Facts
... reactions towards the direction of anabolism (Figure 1). However, as witnessed by the high intracellular pyrophosphate concentration in E. coli, it seems that this reaction is far from equilibrium. It cannot therefore be sufficient to pull the reaction toward synthesis of APS (Liu et al., 1998). Thi ...
... reactions towards the direction of anabolism (Figure 1). However, as witnessed by the high intracellular pyrophosphate concentration in E. coli, it seems that this reaction is far from equilibrium. It cannot therefore be sufficient to pull the reaction toward synthesis of APS (Liu et al., 1998). Thi ...
Pupmed Linked Abstracts
... prevent the development of cisplatin (CDDP)-induced acute renal failure in rats. 2. Forty adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Rats in the first group were injected daily with normal saline (2.5 mL/kg, i.p.) for 10 consecutive days, whereas the second group received PLC (250 ...
... prevent the development of cisplatin (CDDP)-induced acute renal failure in rats. 2. Forty adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Rats in the first group were injected daily with normal saline (2.5 mL/kg, i.p.) for 10 consecutive days, whereas the second group received PLC (250 ...
Design and analysis of metabolic pathways supporting
... as formate is a very small molecule, it is characterized by a very high permeability coefficient [52,53]. Hence, it can enter the cell through the lipid membrane. Also, a specific formate channel, FocA, facilitates passive transport of formate in and out of the cell [54]. This channel can be overexpre ...
... as formate is a very small molecule, it is characterized by a very high permeability coefficient [52,53]. Hence, it can enter the cell through the lipid membrane. Also, a specific formate channel, FocA, facilitates passive transport of formate in and out of the cell [54]. This channel can be overexpre ...
Metabolism of Lipids
... cytoplasm. If the liver has sufficient supplies of glycerol3 phosphate by glucose metabolism, most of the fats will be turned to the production of triacylglycerols. In contrast, glucose deficiency will cause a lower triacylglycerols and ATP generation, with the majority of the FAs entering beta-oxid ...
... cytoplasm. If the liver has sufficient supplies of glycerol3 phosphate by glucose metabolism, most of the fats will be turned to the production of triacylglycerols. In contrast, glucose deficiency will cause a lower triacylglycerols and ATP generation, with the majority of the FAs entering beta-oxid ...
tb_ch21
... a) succinate dehydrogenase b) pyruvate c) pepsin d) more than one correct response e) no correct response ...
... a) succinate dehydrogenase b) pyruvate c) pepsin d) more than one correct response e) no correct response ...
dbPSP: a curated database for protein phosphorylation sites in
... Received 22 September 2014; Revised 10 March 2015; Accepted 13 March 2015 ...
... Received 22 September 2014; Revised 10 March 2015; Accepted 13 March 2015 ...
lecture1
... basicity is difficult, potential is widely positive. Those with strong basicity have narrowly positive potentials and are easily oxidized. Strong oxidizing agent is stable in weakly basic solvents and substances difficult to oxidize can be oxidized in them. But unstable in strongly basic solvents. ...
... basicity is difficult, potential is widely positive. Those with strong basicity have narrowly positive potentials and are easily oxidized. Strong oxidizing agent is stable in weakly basic solvents and substances difficult to oxidize can be oxidized in them. But unstable in strongly basic solvents. ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.