02 Cholesterol Metabolism2012-03-18 01:50617 KB
... • When sufficient cholesterol is present, transcription is suppressed and vice versa • Sterol Regulatory Element (SRE) is a recognition sequence in the DNA • SREBP (SRE binding protein) binding to SRE is essential for transcription of this gene • SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) is an intrac ...
... • When sufficient cholesterol is present, transcription is suppressed and vice versa • Sterol Regulatory Element (SRE) is a recognition sequence in the DNA • SREBP (SRE binding protein) binding to SRE is essential for transcription of this gene • SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) is an intrac ...
A 1-Megadalton Translocation Complex Containing
... Chloroplast protein import is mediated by two hetero-oligomeric protein complexes, the Tic and Toc translocons, which are located in the inner and outer envelope membranes. At the inner membrane, many Tic components have been identified and characterized, but it remains unclear how these Tic protein ...
... Chloroplast protein import is mediated by two hetero-oligomeric protein complexes, the Tic and Toc translocons, which are located in the inner and outer envelope membranes. At the inner membrane, many Tic components have been identified and characterized, but it remains unclear how these Tic protein ...
Structure and function of carbohydrate
... Agrobacterium tumefaciens work in the oxidative pathway of D-galacturonate, which is the main component of pectin. Galactarolactone cycloisomerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of the cyclic D-galactaro-1,4-lactone into a linear 3-deoxy-2keto-L-threo-hexarate. The crystal structure of g ...
... Agrobacterium tumefaciens work in the oxidative pathway of D-galacturonate, which is the main component of pectin. Galactarolactone cycloisomerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of the cyclic D-galactaro-1,4-lactone into a linear 3-deoxy-2keto-L-threo-hexarate. The crystal structure of g ...
Chapter 18 Glycolysis
... electron transport pathway, making ATP in oxidative phosphorylation – In anaerobic conditions, NADH is reoxidized by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (LDH), ...
... electron transport pathway, making ATP in oxidative phosphorylation – In anaerobic conditions, NADH is reoxidized by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (LDH), ...
Isoenzymes in Clinical Diagnosis
... muscle forms of LDH are examples of isoenzymes detectable by such chemical properties. In fact, the demonstration of experimental data like that shown in figure 2 is an indication that such methods are applicable. These curves indicate at a glance the conditions of assay that will differentiate the ...
... muscle forms of LDH are examples of isoenzymes detectable by such chemical properties. In fact, the demonstration of experimental data like that shown in figure 2 is an indication that such methods are applicable. These curves indicate at a glance the conditions of assay that will differentiate the ...
Nature template
... Computation of elementary flux modes Elementary flux modes analysis was performed using METATOOL6,7. By defining the stoichiometries of a metabolic network, all possible distinct routes by which substrates can flow through the network are described and all feasible metabolic conversions can be descr ...
... Computation of elementary flux modes Elementary flux modes analysis was performed using METATOOL6,7. By defining the stoichiometries of a metabolic network, all possible distinct routes by which substrates can flow through the network are described and all feasible metabolic conversions can be descr ...
Free fatty acids regulate the uncoupling protein and alternative
... 1. Introduction In addition to the alternative oxidase (AOX) [1-3], some plant mitochondria contain another energy-dissipating system, namely a plant uncoupling mitochondrial protein (PUMP) [4,5]. The cyanide (CN)- and antimycin-resistant AOX, which bypasses the main cytochrome respiratory chain, ca ...
... 1. Introduction In addition to the alternative oxidase (AOX) [1-3], some plant mitochondria contain another energy-dissipating system, namely a plant uncoupling mitochondrial protein (PUMP) [4,5]. The cyanide (CN)- and antimycin-resistant AOX, which bypasses the main cytochrome respiratory chain, ca ...
Power Point Version
... • Subtitle- when complex reactions work together… • Electron Carriers Also Transport Energy within Cells – Electron carriers (p. 78) – This is just to show you how things begin to build from the microscopic up to the gigantic (your muscles). ...
... • Subtitle- when complex reactions work together… • Electron Carriers Also Transport Energy within Cells – Electron carriers (p. 78) – This is just to show you how things begin to build from the microscopic up to the gigantic (your muscles). ...
Effect of growth condition on enzymes of the citric
... growth conditions although quantitative differences do exist which depend upon the conditions of growth as well as upon the substrates applied. (Table 1). In general, it can be stated that highest specific activities of the citric acid cycle enzymes were found during chemoheterotrophic growth and al ...
... growth conditions although quantitative differences do exist which depend upon the conditions of growth as well as upon the substrates applied. (Table 1). In general, it can be stated that highest specific activities of the citric acid cycle enzymes were found during chemoheterotrophic growth and al ...
Bioinformatics approaches for functional
... energy coupling mechanism and substrate specificities [18,19]. They form an intricate system of pumps and channels through which they deliver essential nutrients, eject waste products and assist the cell to sense environmental conditions [20]. Ion channels are membrane proteins, which facilitate the ...
... energy coupling mechanism and substrate specificities [18,19]. They form an intricate system of pumps and channels through which they deliver essential nutrients, eject waste products and assist the cell to sense environmental conditions [20]. Ion channels are membrane proteins, which facilitate the ...
Fritz Lipmann - National Academy of Sciences
... of Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Preparations from this organism were found to contain two cofactors: thiamine pyrophosphate and flavin adenine dinucleotide. A more important observation was that the reaction proceeded only in the presence of inorganic phosphate. Unlike the glycolytic enzymes of yeast, ...
... of Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Preparations from this organism were found to contain two cofactors: thiamine pyrophosphate and flavin adenine dinucleotide. A more important observation was that the reaction proceeded only in the presence of inorganic phosphate. Unlike the glycolytic enzymes of yeast, ...
Cellular Respiration
... • Observe the conversion of potential energy to kinetic (heat) energy that is evidenced by an increase in the temperature of water caused by burning a food source. • Build the molecular model of cellular respiration reactants and products to demonstrate the conservation of matter (atoms) in the proc ...
... • Observe the conversion of potential energy to kinetic (heat) energy that is evidenced by an increase in the temperature of water caused by burning a food source. • Build the molecular model of cellular respiration reactants and products to demonstrate the conservation of matter (atoms) in the proc ...
Muscle relaxants
... Sources of energy for muscle contraction • ATP – maintains contraction for 1 to 2 seconds • phosphocreatine – 5 times as great as ATP, sufficient for 7-8 s contraction • Anaerobic Glycolysis – Enzymatic breakdown of the glucose to pyruvate and lactate liberates energy that is used to convert ADP to ...
... Sources of energy for muscle contraction • ATP – maintains contraction for 1 to 2 seconds • phosphocreatine – 5 times as great as ATP, sufficient for 7-8 s contraction • Anaerobic Glycolysis – Enzymatic breakdown of the glucose to pyruvate and lactate liberates energy that is used to convert ADP to ...
finalglycogen (2)
... UDP-glucose reacts with glycogen primer .. glycogen synthase (key enzyme) causing elongation of α1-4 branched up to 11 glucose units UDPG +glycogen primer ...
... UDP-glucose reacts with glycogen primer .. glycogen synthase (key enzyme) causing elongation of α1-4 branched up to 11 glucose units UDPG +glycogen primer ...
Chem12 SM Unit 5 Review final ok
... 42. (a) In P2O5, the oxidation number of O is –2 and the oxidation number of P is +5. (b) In NO2, the oxidation number of O is –2 and the oxidation number of N is +4. (c) In Na2SO4, the oxidation number of Na is +1, the oxidation number of O is –2, and the oxidation number of S is +6. (d) In Cu(NO3) ...
... 42. (a) In P2O5, the oxidation number of O is –2 and the oxidation number of P is +5. (b) In NO2, the oxidation number of O is –2 and the oxidation number of N is +4. (c) In Na2SO4, the oxidation number of Na is +1, the oxidation number of O is –2, and the oxidation number of S is +6. (d) In Cu(NO3) ...
Probing the Performance Limits of the Escherichia
... Microbial stoichiometric models incorporate collections of reactions known to occur in the studied species for simulating metabolism. The complete sequencing of the E. coli genome (Blattner et al., 1997) makes it a model organism for the study presented in this article because extensive knowledge re ...
... Microbial stoichiometric models incorporate collections of reactions known to occur in the studied species for simulating metabolism. The complete sequencing of the E. coli genome (Blattner et al., 1997) makes it a model organism for the study presented in this article because extensive knowledge re ...
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... Hexokinase, then, catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to a variety of six-carbon sugars (hexoses), such as glucose and mannose. Hexokinase, as well as all other kinases, requires Mg2⫹ (or another divalent metal ion such as Mn2⫹) for activity. The divalent metal ion forms a complex ...
... Hexokinase, then, catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to a variety of six-carbon sugars (hexoses), such as glucose and mannose. Hexokinase, as well as all other kinases, requires Mg2⫹ (or another divalent metal ion such as Mn2⫹) for activity. The divalent metal ion forms a complex ...
Metabolism of ketonе bodies
... mitochondria into the blood and are transported to peripheral tissues. Ketone bodies are important molecules in energy metabolism. Heart muscle and the renal cortex use acetoacetate in preference to glucose in physiological conditions. The brain adapts to the utilization of acetoacetate during starv ...
... mitochondria into the blood and are transported to peripheral tissues. Ketone bodies are important molecules in energy metabolism. Heart muscle and the renal cortex use acetoacetate in preference to glucose in physiological conditions. The brain adapts to the utilization of acetoacetate during starv ...
Document
... • The rule (CLSI =NCCLS) M100-S15)… – “Strains of Klebsiella spp. E. coli, and Proteus mirabilis that produce ESBLs may be clinically resistant to therapy with penicillin's, cephalosporins, or aztreonam, despite apparent in vitro susceptibility to some of these agents.” ...
... • The rule (CLSI =NCCLS) M100-S15)… – “Strains of Klebsiella spp. E. coli, and Proteus mirabilis that produce ESBLs may be clinically resistant to therapy with penicillin's, cephalosporins, or aztreonam, despite apparent in vitro susceptibility to some of these agents.” ...
5 x buffer (50TB 25 7 - American Journal of Physiology
... the rat. In brief, by adding unfrozen insulin-stimulated (1 min) cytosol, basal or no cytosol, respectively, there is an increase in GLUT-4 transfer from large to small membrane structures in an enriched GLUT-4 fraction isolated from a basal skeletal muscle (figure 1, middle panel). However, unfroze ...
... the rat. In brief, by adding unfrozen insulin-stimulated (1 min) cytosol, basal or no cytosol, respectively, there is an increase in GLUT-4 transfer from large to small membrane structures in an enriched GLUT-4 fraction isolated from a basal skeletal muscle (figure 1, middle panel). However, unfroze ...
A Quick Look at Biochemistry: Lipid Metabolism
... the body. They are degraded and release their energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to be used in anabolic reactions. Anabolic reactions are the energy consumer reactions for synthesis of molecules or energy storage. These include glycogenolysis, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA, cit ...
... the body. They are degraded and release their energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to be used in anabolic reactions. Anabolic reactions are the energy consumer reactions for synthesis of molecules or energy storage. These include glycogenolysis, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA, cit ...
Practical part
... Principle. Enzymes exhibit selectivity to substrates, which is called substrate specificity. In many instances this property is the essential characteristic that renders enzymes markedly different from inorganic catalysts. The high specificity of enzymes is attributable to the conformational complem ...
... Principle. Enzymes exhibit selectivity to substrates, which is called substrate specificity. In many instances this property is the essential characteristic that renders enzymes markedly different from inorganic catalysts. The high specificity of enzymes is attributable to the conformational complem ...
A Search for Peptide Ligase: Cosolvent
... reactive substrate), the use of a bisphasic system,' reverse micelles,8 or anhydrous media saturated with water,9 and the selection of appropriate N- or C-protecting groups to reduce the solubility of product^^*^ are very often employed. The latter is faster, and the product yield can be improved by ...
... reactive substrate), the use of a bisphasic system,' reverse micelles,8 or anhydrous media saturated with water,9 and the selection of appropriate N- or C-protecting groups to reduce the solubility of product^^*^ are very often employed. The latter is faster, and the product yield can be improved by ...
ISOAMYLASE FROM PSEUDOMONAS AMYLODERAMOSA
... trehalose synthase, and malto-oligosyl trehalose trehalohydrolase in the production of a disaccharide trehalose from liquefied starch. The reaction product is trehalose syrup, which is subsequently purified and concentrated. Trehalose is used in food (for example, in bakery goods, beverages, confect ...
... trehalose synthase, and malto-oligosyl trehalose trehalohydrolase in the production of a disaccharide trehalose from liquefied starch. The reaction product is trehalose syrup, which is subsequently purified and concentrated. Trehalose is used in food (for example, in bakery goods, beverages, confect ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.