Ch36-Integration of Carbohydrate and Lipid
... reaction. This enzyme is dephosphorylated and most active when its supply of substrates and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is high, its products are used, and insulin is present (Fig. 36.3). Pyruvate is also converted to oxaloacetate. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction, pyruvate carboxylase, is ac ...
... reaction. This enzyme is dephosphorylated and most active when its supply of substrates and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is high, its products are used, and insulin is present (Fig. 36.3). Pyruvate is also converted to oxaloacetate. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction, pyruvate carboxylase, is ac ...
Effect of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, a natural dye of Henna, on
... 1.1.3.22) have shown that modulation of enzyme activities, cofactor availability, substrate concentration and oxygen tension can all affect rates of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (3, 4). Reduction of oxygen, during substrate turnover, leads to the formation of superoxide ani ...
... 1.1.3.22) have shown that modulation of enzyme activities, cofactor availability, substrate concentration and oxygen tension can all affect rates of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (3, 4). Reduction of oxygen, during substrate turnover, leads to the formation of superoxide ani ...
Drug-Resistant Variants of Escherichia coli Thymidylate Synthase
... of 1.13 ⫻ 105 M⫺1 cm⫺1, and the number of binding sites was determined by FdUMP titration of protein absorbance at 330 nm. The concentrations of 1/2 binding sites were in good agreement with the concentrations determined by UV absorbance at 280 nm. The value of Km(dUMP) was determined using concentr ...
... of 1.13 ⫻ 105 M⫺1 cm⫺1, and the number of binding sites was determined by FdUMP titration of protein absorbance at 330 nm. The concentrations of 1/2 binding sites were in good agreement with the concentrations determined by UV absorbance at 280 nm. The value of Km(dUMP) was determined using concentr ...
Sensitivity of plant mitochondrial terminal oxidases to the lipid
... (reactive oxygen species) in plants by perturbing chloroplast and mitochondrial metabolism. These ROS include H2 O2 (hydrogen peroxide), O2 − (superoxide) and the OH•− (hydroxyl radical). In plants, ROS have a dual action whereby high levels exacerbate cellular damage (to proteins, DNA and lipids), ...
... (reactive oxygen species) in plants by perturbing chloroplast and mitochondrial metabolism. These ROS include H2 O2 (hydrogen peroxide), O2 − (superoxide) and the OH•− (hydroxyl radical). In plants, ROS have a dual action whereby high levels exacerbate cellular damage (to proteins, DNA and lipids), ...
Catabolism of Organic Compounds Chapter 14
... • Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen can be oxidized anaerobically • The first step in degradation is the addition of oxygen to the molecule through the incorporation of fumarate • Hydrocarbons are oxidized to intermediates that can be catab ...
... • Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen can be oxidized anaerobically • The first step in degradation is the addition of oxygen to the molecule through the incorporation of fumarate • Hydrocarbons are oxidized to intermediates that can be catab ...
Unit 1: The Cell
... 1. Cellular respiration and fermentation are catabolic, energy-yielding pathways 2. Cells recycle the ATP they use for work 3. Redox reactions release energy when electrons move closer to electronegative atoms 4. Electrons “fall” from organic molecules to oxygen during cellular respiration 5. The “f ...
... 1. Cellular respiration and fermentation are catabolic, energy-yielding pathways 2. Cells recycle the ATP they use for work 3. Redox reactions release energy when electrons move closer to electronegative atoms 4. Electrons “fall” from organic molecules to oxygen during cellular respiration 5. The “f ...
About Serine Protease
... In a final reaction, the bond formed in the first step between the serine and the carbonyl carbon moves to attack the hydrogen that the histidinejust acquired. The now electron-deficient carbonyl carbon re-forms the double bond with the oxygen. As a result, the C-terminus of the peptide is now eject ...
... In a final reaction, the bond formed in the first step between the serine and the carbonyl carbon moves to attack the hydrogen that the histidinejust acquired. The now electron-deficient carbonyl carbon re-forms the double bond with the oxygen. As a result, the C-terminus of the peptide is now eject ...
Breathing (respiration) and Cellular Respiration
... Chapter 9 - Cell Resp: Harvesting Chemical Energy AIM: Describe the process and purpose of cell respiration 2. Oxidative phosphorylation Remember the ETC and those protons pumps, well they pump protons across a membrane from low to high concentration (active transport - endergonic) using the KE of ...
... Chapter 9 - Cell Resp: Harvesting Chemical Energy AIM: Describe the process and purpose of cell respiration 2. Oxidative phosphorylation Remember the ETC and those protons pumps, well they pump protons across a membrane from low to high concentration (active transport - endergonic) using the KE of ...
Solutions_C19
... For CO: Oxygen has a – 2 oxidation number. Therefore, each carbon must have a + 2 oxidation number. For I2: I2 is a pure element, so each iodine atom has a zero oxidation number. For CO2: Oxygen has a – 2 oxidation number. Since there are two oxygen atoms in CO2, the O2 part of this species adds up ...
... For CO: Oxygen has a – 2 oxidation number. Therefore, each carbon must have a + 2 oxidation number. For I2: I2 is a pure element, so each iodine atom has a zero oxidation number. For CO2: Oxygen has a – 2 oxidation number. Since there are two oxygen atoms in CO2, the O2 part of this species adds up ...
Biochemistry –Second year, Coll
... The regulatory step in β-oxidation pathway is at the CAT-I step.Malonyl CoA, the intermediate of fatty acids synthesis, is the inhibitor of by β-oxidation by inhibiting of CPT-I enzyme of carnitine system. The inhibiting of CPT-I results in preventing the fatty (long chain)acyl CoA from entry into m ...
... The regulatory step in β-oxidation pathway is at the CAT-I step.Malonyl CoA, the intermediate of fatty acids synthesis, is the inhibitor of by β-oxidation by inhibiting of CPT-I enzyme of carnitine system. The inhibiting of CPT-I results in preventing the fatty (long chain)acyl CoA from entry into m ...
... are life-threatening for individuals who are immunesuppressed, including AIDS, autoimmune diseases, and chemotherapy and transplant surgery. Selective inhibition of the enzymes of this pathway by appropriate substrate analog to develop new antifungal drugs that are more effective and less toxic and ...
endoplasmic reticulum stress and lipid metabolism
... metazoan systems (Mori, 2009). Ire1 is named after the yeast homolog Ire1p (inositol requiring enzyme 1), which was first identified in an inositol auxotrophy screen (Nikawa & Yamashita, 1 ...
... metazoan systems (Mori, 2009). Ire1 is named after the yeast homolog Ire1p (inositol requiring enzyme 1), which was first identified in an inositol auxotrophy screen (Nikawa & Yamashita, 1 ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
... we’ll revisit this after we do enzyme kinetics Vmax is velocity achieved with fully saturated transporter Ktr is analogous to Michaelis constant: it’s the [S]out value for which half-maximal velocity is achieved. ...
... we’ll revisit this after we do enzyme kinetics Vmax is velocity achieved with fully saturated transporter Ktr is analogous to Michaelis constant: it’s the [S]out value for which half-maximal velocity is achieved. ...
Fermentation metabolism and its evolution in algae
... by bacteria, and the level of NADH generated for recycling, are highly dependent upon the substrate being metabolized by the bacterium. For example, bacteria using sorbitol, a highly reduced carbon compound, produce three NADH molecules per molecule of substrate, while a highly oxidized carbon compo ...
... by bacteria, and the level of NADH generated for recycling, are highly dependent upon the substrate being metabolized by the bacterium. For example, bacteria using sorbitol, a highly reduced carbon compound, produce three NADH molecules per molecule of substrate, while a highly oxidized carbon compo ...
Regulation of Galactoside Transport by the PTS
... is not conserved well in four MelBs of enteric bacteria, sequences of which have been reported so far. Furthermore, E. coli PTS can regulate MelBs from S. typhimurium and K. pneumoniae (unpublished result). Therefore, we proposed that C-terminal region of the MelB protein is at least one of the inte ...
... is not conserved well in four MelBs of enteric bacteria, sequences of which have been reported so far. Furthermore, E. coli PTS can regulate MelBs from S. typhimurium and K. pneumoniae (unpublished result). Therefore, we proposed that C-terminal region of the MelB protein is at least one of the inte ...
Interpretation of electron density with stereographic roadmap
... a shell of density. In this case, it is more appropriate to plot only the atoms that are within their van der Waals distance of the surface with radius RWx (Fig. 4B). In addition, the projected density can also be of a polygonal instead of spherical shell, which is useful when the shape of the virio ...
... a shell of density. In this case, it is more appropriate to plot only the atoms that are within their van der Waals distance of the surface with radius RWx (Fig. 4B). In addition, the projected density can also be of a polygonal instead of spherical shell, which is useful when the shape of the virio ...
Molecular Physiological Analysis of the Two Plastidic ATP/ADP
... For reliable northern-blot analysis of isoformspecific mRNA accumulation it is required to use gene-specific probes. We generated probes specific for either AtNTT1- or AtNTT2 mRNA by using corresponding 3#-untranslated cDNA fragments (Fig. 1A). Although there is some minor cross hybridization, the p ...
... For reliable northern-blot analysis of isoformspecific mRNA accumulation it is required to use gene-specific probes. We generated probes specific for either AtNTT1- or AtNTT2 mRNA by using corresponding 3#-untranslated cDNA fragments (Fig. 1A). Although there is some minor cross hybridization, the p ...
Home - NeuroImmune Alliance
... diphosphate). Thus, a molecule of adenosine with three phosphate molecules attached becomes adenosine with two phosphate molecules attached, and energy is released during the reaction. In a reverse chain of chemical reactions, ATP can be created from ADP or from AMP, which is adenosine with one phos ...
... diphosphate). Thus, a molecule of adenosine with three phosphate molecules attached becomes adenosine with two phosphate molecules attached, and energy is released during the reaction. In a reverse chain of chemical reactions, ATP can be created from ADP or from AMP, which is adenosine with one phos ...
Articles Oxidation Numbers in the Study of Metabolism
... In the detailed study of oxidation/reduction reactions one approach is to use the oxidation number concept. This useful method is apparently not generally used in teaching metabolism, because the indexes of several text books do not mention oxidation numbers; the main concern is with electrochemical ...
... In the detailed study of oxidation/reduction reactions one approach is to use the oxidation number concept. This useful method is apparently not generally used in teaching metabolism, because the indexes of several text books do not mention oxidation numbers; the main concern is with electrochemical ...
PURINE Lacture
... RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE 1. Complex enzymatic reaction whereby electrons are transferred from NADPH through a series of sufhydryl groups at the catalytic site of Ribonucleotide Reductase. 2. Active site of RR contains thioredoxin, a 12 kD proteinwith two exposed cysteines, which become oxidized. 3. ...
... RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE 1. Complex enzymatic reaction whereby electrons are transferred from NADPH through a series of sufhydryl groups at the catalytic site of Ribonucleotide Reductase. 2. Active site of RR contains thioredoxin, a 12 kD proteinwith two exposed cysteines, which become oxidized. 3. ...
Rapid enzyme assays investigating the variation in the glycolytic
... (Chambers, 1988; Laurie-Ahlberg, 1985). The question that naturally comes to mind is how much natural variation exists in the expression of any one enzyme and how many enzymes exhibit significant variation in expression (i.e., how prevalent this variation is). To investigate these two questions we c ...
... (Chambers, 1988; Laurie-Ahlberg, 1985). The question that naturally comes to mind is how much natural variation exists in the expression of any one enzyme and how many enzymes exhibit significant variation in expression (i.e., how prevalent this variation is). To investigate these two questions we c ...
The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies
... In addition to their effects on mitochondrial energetics, the metabolism of ketone bodies has other effects with therapeutic implications. Of major significance is the ability of ketone bodies to increase the concentrations of the metabolites of the first third of the citric acid cycle. Next to causin ...
... In addition to their effects on mitochondrial energetics, the metabolism of ketone bodies has other effects with therapeutic implications. Of major significance is the ability of ketone bodies to increase the concentrations of the metabolites of the first third of the citric acid cycle. Next to causin ...
Examination 2: Chapters 8 through 11
... The MEOS will oxidize more alcohol than the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme The alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme will oxidize more alcohol than the MEOS system The MEOS will reduce more alcohol than the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme The alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme will reduce more alcohol than the MEOS sys ...
... The MEOS will oxidize more alcohol than the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme The alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme will oxidize more alcohol than the MEOS system The MEOS will reduce more alcohol than the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme The alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme will reduce more alcohol than the MEOS sys ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.