Solutions_C19
... For CO: Oxygen has a – 2 oxidation number. Therefore, each carbon must have a + 2 oxidation number. For I2: I2 is a pure element, so each iodine atom has a zero oxidation number. For CO2: Oxygen has a – 2 oxidation number. Since there are two oxygen atoms in CO2, the O2 part of this species adds up ...
... For CO: Oxygen has a – 2 oxidation number. Therefore, each carbon must have a + 2 oxidation number. For I2: I2 is a pure element, so each iodine atom has a zero oxidation number. For CO2: Oxygen has a – 2 oxidation number. Since there are two oxygen atoms in CO2, the O2 part of this species adds up ...
Phosphatidylglycerol-containing ER
... repair and restitution, and the demand to coordinate nuclear gene expression and maintain regulatory processes in response to cellular need for ATP synthesis were not plausible [3,4,16-18]. The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system is dependent on both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). ...
... repair and restitution, and the demand to coordinate nuclear gene expression and maintain regulatory processes in response to cellular need for ATP synthesis were not plausible [3,4,16-18]. The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system is dependent on both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). ...
Enzymes
... 2. Enzymes are Stereospecific. If a molecule exists as a pair of enantiomers, the enzyme will use only one of the pair as substrate and produce only one of the pair as the product. For example, the enzymes that are involved in amino acid metabolism and/or protein synthesis will only utilize the L-am ...
... 2. Enzymes are Stereospecific. If a molecule exists as a pair of enantiomers, the enzyme will use only one of the pair as substrate and produce only one of the pair as the product. For example, the enzymes that are involved in amino acid metabolism and/or protein synthesis will only utilize the L-am ...
Electron tomography of plant thylakoid membranes
... 1999). For conventional ET, samples are embedded in plastic and sectioned by ultramicrotomy. Although this yields highcontrast images of gross cellular features including membranes, molecular detail is lost. To obtain tomograms of 4– 5nm resolution (Leis et al., 2009), the sample has to be vitrified ...
... 1999). For conventional ET, samples are embedded in plastic and sectioned by ultramicrotomy. Although this yields highcontrast images of gross cellular features including membranes, molecular detail is lost. To obtain tomograms of 4– 5nm resolution (Leis et al., 2009), the sample has to be vitrified ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
... Enzyme usually works on esters too Found in eukaryotic digestive enzymes and in bacterial systems Widely-varying substrate specificities ...
... Enzyme usually works on esters too Found in eukaryotic digestive enzymes and in bacterial systems Widely-varying substrate specificities ...
CHAPTER 19 LIPID METABOLISM Introduction: Fats are much more
... referred to as a cyclic process because it starts with and yields a fatty acyl CoA. However this is not a catalytic cycle, and the product fatty acyl CoA has its chained shortened by two carbons. The acetyl CoA generated by beta oxidation enter the citric acid cycle, where they are converted into CO ...
... referred to as a cyclic process because it starts with and yields a fatty acyl CoA. However this is not a catalytic cycle, and the product fatty acyl CoA has its chained shortened by two carbons. The acetyl CoA generated by beta oxidation enter the citric acid cycle, where they are converted into CO ...
030626 Mitochondrial Respiratory
... primordial eukaryotic cells that lacked the ability to use oxygen metabolically. A symbiotic relationship developed and became permanent. The bacteria evolved into mitochondria, thus endowing the host cells with aerobic metabolism, a much more efficient way to produce energy than anaerobic glycolysi ...
... primordial eukaryotic cells that lacked the ability to use oxygen metabolically. A symbiotic relationship developed and became permanent. The bacteria evolved into mitochondria, thus endowing the host cells with aerobic metabolism, a much more efficient way to produce energy than anaerobic glycolysi ...
CHOLESTEROL 10/02-03/07 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1) To
... E) Cholesterol levels can be lowered by increasing the excretion of bile acids and salts. Cholestyramine and dietary fiber bind bile acids and salts and stimulate their excretion. This draws the biosynthetic pathway forward and lowers the serum level of the precursor, cholesterol. This helps lower t ...
... E) Cholesterol levels can be lowered by increasing the excretion of bile acids and salts. Cholestyramine and dietary fiber bind bile acids and salts and stimulate their excretion. This draws the biosynthetic pathway forward and lowers the serum level of the precursor, cholesterol. This helps lower t ...
ATP utilization associated with recovery metabolism in - AJP-Cell
... behavior of our anaerobic muscle preparation is predictable and reproducible. In Fig. 2, the suprabasal lactate production after a l-s tetanus was repeatable to within 6%. We found an average basal lactate production of 109 t 10 (SEM: n = 16) nmol/g per min, similar to those values reported by Karpa ...
... behavior of our anaerobic muscle preparation is predictable and reproducible. In Fig. 2, the suprabasal lactate production after a l-s tetanus was repeatable to within 6%. We found an average basal lactate production of 109 t 10 (SEM: n = 16) nmol/g per min, similar to those values reported by Karpa ...
Human Biology The Chemistry of Living Things 2.1 Multiple Choice
... A) slow down the speed at which chemical reactions occur, but do not alter the final products formed B) facilitate chemical reactions by altering the final products formed C) maintain primary structure D) can participate only in reactions that synthesize new products E) are referred to as enzymes An ...
... A) slow down the speed at which chemical reactions occur, but do not alter the final products formed B) facilitate chemical reactions by altering the final products formed C) maintain primary structure D) can participate only in reactions that synthesize new products E) are referred to as enzymes An ...
Part 2
... charged intermediates are often stabilized by transfer of protons to or from the substrate or intermediate. In case of enzyme catalyzed reactions, weak proton donors or acceptors are often present as amino acid side chains at the active site of the enzyme itself. These groups mediate proton transfer ...
... charged intermediates are often stabilized by transfer of protons to or from the substrate or intermediate. In case of enzyme catalyzed reactions, weak proton donors or acceptors are often present as amino acid side chains at the active site of the enzyme itself. These groups mediate proton transfer ...
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
... in susceptible clones. RApOl is a small plasmid (1.4 ,um, or 2.7 x 106f daltons), which encodes a nucleotidyltransferase, responsible for the inactivation of aminoglycosidic antibiotics. Like other small plasmids in S. aureus, as well as in coliform bacteria, RApOl appears to replicate under relaxed ...
... in susceptible clones. RApOl is a small plasmid (1.4 ,um, or 2.7 x 106f daltons), which encodes a nucleotidyltransferase, responsible for the inactivation of aminoglycosidic antibiotics. Like other small plasmids in S. aureus, as well as in coliform bacteria, RApOl appears to replicate under relaxed ...
41 Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
... Purines and pyrimidines are required for synthesizing nucleotides and nucleic acids. These molecules can be synthesized either from scratch, de novo, or salvaged from existing bases. Dietary uptake of purine and pyrimidine bases is low, because most of the ingested nucleic acids are metabolized by t ...
... Purines and pyrimidines are required for synthesizing nucleotides and nucleic acids. These molecules can be synthesized either from scratch, de novo, or salvaged from existing bases. Dietary uptake of purine and pyrimidine bases is low, because most of the ingested nucleic acids are metabolized by t ...
FORMATTED - revised ENZYMology
... and other techniques. In 1957 Sanger reported the first amino acid sequence of a protein, the hormone insulin and Smith et.al. (1963) reported the first amino acid sequence an enzyme ribonuclease and Gutte and Merrifield( 1969) have chemically synthesized it for the first time from the amino acid pr ...
... and other techniques. In 1957 Sanger reported the first amino acid sequence of a protein, the hormone insulin and Smith et.al. (1963) reported the first amino acid sequence an enzyme ribonuclease and Gutte and Merrifield( 1969) have chemically synthesized it for the first time from the amino acid pr ...
Oxidation and biosynthesis of fatty acids
... THE CONTROL OF FATTY ACID METABOLISM Acetyl CoA carboxylase plays an essential role in regulating fatty acid synthesis and degradation. The carboxylase is controlled by hormones: ...
... THE CONTROL OF FATTY ACID METABOLISM Acetyl CoA carboxylase plays an essential role in regulating fatty acid synthesis and degradation. The carboxylase is controlled by hormones: ...
E. Coli and Oxygen: A Motility Transition
... these bacteria lost their motility. Thus as soon as anaerobiosis was discovered, a correlation was made between oxygen and the motility of bacteria. He also showed that some microorganisms are facultative anaerobes, using oxygen when it is present but performing fermentation otherwise, the so-called ...
... these bacteria lost their motility. Thus as soon as anaerobiosis was discovered, a correlation was made between oxygen and the motility of bacteria. He also showed that some microorganisms are facultative anaerobes, using oxygen when it is present but performing fermentation otherwise, the so-called ...
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
... Which of the following is not true of the citric acid cycle? A) All enzymes of the cycle are located in the cytoplasm, except succinate dehydrogenase, which is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane. B) In the presence of malonate, one would expect succinate to accumulate. C) Oxaloacetate is used ...
... Which of the following is not true of the citric acid cycle? A) All enzymes of the cycle are located in the cytoplasm, except succinate dehydrogenase, which is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane. B) In the presence of malonate, one would expect succinate to accumulate. C) Oxaloacetate is used ...
Chapter 19
... Reduction: Cl 2 + 2e - → 2Cl Oxidation and reduction are complementary processes; oxidation cannot occur unless reduction also occurs. It is important to recognize and distinguish between oxidation and reduction. A memory aid might help you remember the distinction. The phrase Loss of Electrons is O ...
... Reduction: Cl 2 + 2e - → 2Cl Oxidation and reduction are complementary processes; oxidation cannot occur unless reduction also occurs. It is important to recognize and distinguish between oxidation and reduction. A memory aid might help you remember the distinction. The phrase Loss of Electrons is O ...
Metabolic Responses to Cardiac Hypoxia
... when these precursors were present. The aminotransferase inhibitor, aminooxyacetate, reduced succinate production by hypoxic papillary muscles. This finding demonstrated a close relationship between transamination of amino acids and succinate production. In addition, it is suggested that anaerobic m ...
... when these precursors were present. The aminotransferase inhibitor, aminooxyacetate, reduced succinate production by hypoxic papillary muscles. This finding demonstrated a close relationship between transamination of amino acids and succinate production. In addition, it is suggested that anaerobic m ...
fermentation?
... • In glycolysis, a net of 2 molecules of ATP, or chemical energy, are produced. • The citric acid cycle produces another 2 molecules of ATP • The electron transport chain produces 28 molecules of ATP. • Oxygen is used in aerobic cellular respiration as the final electron acceptor in the electron tra ...
... • In glycolysis, a net of 2 molecules of ATP, or chemical energy, are produced. • The citric acid cycle produces another 2 molecules of ATP • The electron transport chain produces 28 molecules of ATP. • Oxygen is used in aerobic cellular respiration as the final electron acceptor in the electron tra ...
Case Study 5 Literature - Department of Chemistry
... been concluded that the enzymes fulfill mainly biosynthetic purposes by supplying NADPH for anabolic reactions or in serine biosynthesis (10, 13, 14). Sequence analyses of the genes encoding GAPN of pea and maize, as well as of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans, indicated that GAPN enzymes are not ...
... been concluded that the enzymes fulfill mainly biosynthetic purposes by supplying NADPH for anabolic reactions or in serine biosynthesis (10, 13, 14). Sequence analyses of the genes encoding GAPN of pea and maize, as well as of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans, indicated that GAPN enzymes are not ...
The Hypothesis that the Genetic Code Originated in Coupled
... accumulation of nitrite and nitrate in water [45]. If primitive cells were leaky to ions, nitrite and nitrate could diffuse across membranes and be reduced to ammonia using Fe(II) or FeS [46–48]. Ethanethiol and other simple thiols react with NO or nitrite to produce S-nitroso compounds [49]. Glutat ...
... accumulation of nitrite and nitrate in water [45]. If primitive cells were leaky to ions, nitrite and nitrate could diffuse across membranes and be reduced to ammonia using Fe(II) or FeS [46–48]. Ethanethiol and other simple thiols react with NO or nitrite to produce S-nitroso compounds [49]. Glutat ...
Hemoglobin - Mercer University
... Not only is there a difference in the affinity for O2 between Mb and Hb, but the shapes of their oxygen dissociation curves are quite different (see Figure 1). Myoglobin’s shape is a rectangular hyperbola; hemoglobin’s shape is sigmoidal. This difference in shape is a result of hemoglobin’s subunit ...
... Not only is there a difference in the affinity for O2 between Mb and Hb, but the shapes of their oxygen dissociation curves are quite different (see Figure 1). Myoglobin’s shape is a rectangular hyperbola; hemoglobin’s shape is sigmoidal. This difference in shape is a result of hemoglobin’s subunit ...
free energy
... Different energy-capturing processes use different types of electron acceptors. • An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. • It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process. ...
... Different energy-capturing processes use different types of electron acceptors. • An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. • It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process. ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.