Mechanisms of catalysis
... • Nucleophilic catalysis: donation of electrons from enzyme nucleophile to a substrate – side chains of His, Cys, Asp, Lys and Ser can participate in covalent catalysis by acting as nucleophiles ...
... • Nucleophilic catalysis: donation of electrons from enzyme nucleophile to a substrate – side chains of His, Cys, Asp, Lys and Ser can participate in covalent catalysis by acting as nucleophiles ...
AMINO ACIDS METABOLISM ** Dr. Mohammed Abdullateef **
... The toxicity is due to the reason that increased concentration of ammonia in the blood and other biological fluids → ammonia difuses into cells, across blood/brain barrier → increased synthesis of glutamate from a-ketoglutarate by glutamate dehydrogenase, increased synthesis of glutamine. Alpha keto ...
... The toxicity is due to the reason that increased concentration of ammonia in the blood and other biological fluids → ammonia difuses into cells, across blood/brain barrier → increased synthesis of glutamate from a-ketoglutarate by glutamate dehydrogenase, increased synthesis of glutamine. Alpha keto ...
Evolution of b-type cytochromes in prokaryotes
... cytochrome b561 (K12262) sequences (dataset as in Figure 4), was generated using Muscle, and visualized in Jalview. The four helices (pink) predicted by PSIpred for the E. coli sequence, along with the 6 helices based on the structure of the Arabidopsis protein, as reported in Figure S3 of (Lu et al ...
... cytochrome b561 (K12262) sequences (dataset as in Figure 4), was generated using Muscle, and visualized in Jalview. The four helices (pink) predicted by PSIpred for the E. coli sequence, along with the 6 helices based on the structure of the Arabidopsis protein, as reported in Figure S3 of (Lu et al ...
Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of intracellular
... the substrate directly into the N M R tube without interrupting the measurements. The metabolic response of the cells is so fast that the transient cytoplasmic acidification would have been largely missed, if the addition had been carried out outside the magnet. The experimental set-up employed allo ...
... the substrate directly into the N M R tube without interrupting the measurements. The metabolic response of the cells is so fast that the transient cytoplasmic acidification would have been largely missed, if the addition had been carried out outside the magnet. The experimental set-up employed allo ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... • The pentose phosphate pathway (a.k.a, hexose monophosphate shunt, or 6-phosphogluconate pathway) occurs in cytosol of the cell • It consists of two, irreversible oxidative reactions, followed by a series of reversible sugar-phosphate interconversions. • No ATP is directly consumed or produced in t ...
... • The pentose phosphate pathway (a.k.a, hexose monophosphate shunt, or 6-phosphogluconate pathway) occurs in cytosol of the cell • It consists of two, irreversible oxidative reactions, followed by a series of reversible sugar-phosphate interconversions. • No ATP is directly consumed or produced in t ...
Radical species in the catalytic pathways of enzymes from anaerobes
... Radicals are reactive intermediates of growing importance in enzymatic catalysis. There are reactions in which neutral radicals participate and those where radical anions are involved. The former class is illustrated by lysine 2,3-aminomutase and also by enzymes dependent on coenzyme B12 , that cata ...
... Radicals are reactive intermediates of growing importance in enzymatic catalysis. There are reactions in which neutral radicals participate and those where radical anions are involved. The former class is illustrated by lysine 2,3-aminomutase and also by enzymes dependent on coenzyme B12 , that cata ...
2.8 Respiration - biology4friends
... 17. Bioethanol is ethanol produced by living organisms, for use as a renewable energy source. It can be used as a fuel in vehicles, sometimes in a pure state and sometimes mixed with gasoline (petrol). Describe how bioethanol can be produced from plant material with reference to the function of yeas ...
... 17. Bioethanol is ethanol produced by living organisms, for use as a renewable energy source. It can be used as a fuel in vehicles, sometimes in a pure state and sometimes mixed with gasoline (petrol). Describe how bioethanol can be produced from plant material with reference to the function of yeas ...
18. Metabolism of lipids 1
... THE CONTROL OF FATTY ACID METABOLISM Acetyl CoA carboxylase plays an essential role in regulating fatty acid synthesis and degradation. The carboxylase is controlled by hormones: ...
... THE CONTROL OF FATTY ACID METABOLISM Acetyl CoA carboxylase plays an essential role in regulating fatty acid synthesis and degradation. The carboxylase is controlled by hormones: ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... problem: tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized without breaking a carbon–carbon bond. •To set up the next oxidation in the pathway, citrate is converted to isocitrate, a chiral secondary alcohol, which can be more readily oxidized. •This isomerization reaction, catalyzed by aconitase, involves succes ...
... problem: tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized without breaking a carbon–carbon bond. •To set up the next oxidation in the pathway, citrate is converted to isocitrate, a chiral secondary alcohol, which can be more readily oxidized. •This isomerization reaction, catalyzed by aconitase, involves succes ...
Enzymes of Glycolysis Are Functionally Associated
... proteins to perform these functions. Here, we present the unexpected discovery of the presence of the enzymes of glycolysis in a mitochondrial fraction of Arabidopsis cells. Proteomic analyses of this mitochondrial fraction revealed the presence of 7 of the 10 enzymes that constitute the glycolytic ...
... proteins to perform these functions. Here, we present the unexpected discovery of the presence of the enzymes of glycolysis in a mitochondrial fraction of Arabidopsis cells. Proteomic analyses of this mitochondrial fraction revealed the presence of 7 of the 10 enzymes that constitute the glycolytic ...
Lipid Biosynthesis
... acid pool is restocked by the amino acids absorbed from the meal. These amino acids are used to synthesize proteins and other nitrogen containing compounds. Dietary lipids are transported from the gut and stored in the tissues, especially the adipose, or they are used to refurbish cell membranes. An ...
... acid pool is restocked by the amino acids absorbed from the meal. These amino acids are used to synthesize proteins and other nitrogen containing compounds. Dietary lipids are transported from the gut and stored in the tissues, especially the adipose, or they are used to refurbish cell membranes. An ...
Infrared spectroscopic studies: from small molecules to large.
... level of protein organization is quaternary structure, which describes how several folded units associate with each other. Proteins have a wide variety of roles in the cell, for example enzymes that catalyze most of the reactions in the cell, antibodies that bind antigens or foreign substances and t ...
... level of protein organization is quaternary structure, which describes how several folded units associate with each other. Proteins have a wide variety of roles in the cell, for example enzymes that catalyze most of the reactions in the cell, antibodies that bind antigens or foreign substances and t ...
LEMAK : Struktur, Fungsi dan Metabolisme
... than can be combined with OAA to form citrate, then the "extra" acetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetyl-CoA and ketone bodies, including acetone. Ketogenesis (synthesis of ketone bodies) takes place primarily in the ...
... than can be combined with OAA to form citrate, then the "extra" acetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetyl-CoA and ketone bodies, including acetone. Ketogenesis (synthesis of ketone bodies) takes place primarily in the ...
Biochemistry, proteomics, and phosphoproteomics of plant
... the two non-photosynthetic counterparts. Additionally, FDH was highly induced in mitochondria from green shoots compared to roots and suspension cells. In contrast, three subunits of the PDC complex including E3 were more prominently expressed in root and suspension cell mitochondria. These and othe ...
... the two non-photosynthetic counterparts. Additionally, FDH was highly induced in mitochondria from green shoots compared to roots and suspension cells. In contrast, three subunits of the PDC complex including E3 were more prominently expressed in root and suspension cell mitochondria. These and othe ...
Molecular characteristics of sucrose synthase
... growing tissues. The DNA of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) encodes six SuSy-like genes with distinct expression, down- or up-regulated by various environmental stressors such as anoxia, dehydration, cold treatment and wounding [19-22]. The two ...
... growing tissues. The DNA of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) encodes six SuSy-like genes with distinct expression, down- or up-regulated by various environmental stressors such as anoxia, dehydration, cold treatment and wounding [19-22]. The two ...
PROTEOLYSIS is the breakdown of protein to free amino acids
... 3. Absorption of free amino acids takes place in the small intestine. a. Five major systems and a few minor systems have been identified that transport different classes of amino acids from the gut lumen into the intestinal epithelial cell. b. Disorders associated with defects in amino acid transpo ...
... 3. Absorption of free amino acids takes place in the small intestine. a. Five major systems and a few minor systems have been identified that transport different classes of amino acids from the gut lumen into the intestinal epithelial cell. b. Disorders associated with defects in amino acid transpo ...
Chemistry 2008 Multiple Choice
... XeO3 is polar because the pair on non-bonding electrons push the bonding oxygens toward each other resulting in an asymmetrical structure, where the bond dipoles do not cancel each other out. a. Pyridine can form H-bonds with water around the :N, but benzene can not because it has no polar region. A ...
... XeO3 is polar because the pair on non-bonding electrons push the bonding oxygens toward each other resulting in an asymmetrical structure, where the bond dipoles do not cancel each other out. a. Pyridine can form H-bonds with water around the :N, but benzene can not because it has no polar region. A ...
OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS (LIPOLYSIS) Fatty acids stored in
... Ketone Bodies are oxidized in mitochondria of many tissues other than liver .Liver cannot use ketone bodies because the activating enzyme required for ketone body utilization is absent in the liver. While ketogenesis is an important survival mechanism that maintains high rates of fatty acid oxidatio ...
... Ketone Bodies are oxidized in mitochondria of many tissues other than liver .Liver cannot use ketone bodies because the activating enzyme required for ketone body utilization is absent in the liver. While ketogenesis is an important survival mechanism that maintains high rates of fatty acid oxidatio ...
Glycogen Earth organisms use three major forms of - Rose
... possible to store free glucose; in practice storing glucose would result in severe complications due to the much higher osmotic pressure of vast numbers of small molecules compared to small numbers of large one, and to the fact that reducing sugars can covalently modify other molecules. Glycogen Syn ...
... possible to store free glucose; in practice storing glucose would result in severe complications due to the much higher osmotic pressure of vast numbers of small molecules compared to small numbers of large one, and to the fact that reducing sugars can covalently modify other molecules. Glycogen Syn ...
Enzymes Lab
... 5- Prewarm starch solution in the water bath for 5min at 38C˚. 6- Add 5ml of starch solution to each of the three test tubes; stir the content with glass rode. 7- Record the time of addition of starch and at the end of each minute remove two drops reaction mixture using a test pipette, and add to on ...
... 5- Prewarm starch solution in the water bath for 5min at 38C˚. 6- Add 5ml of starch solution to each of the three test tubes; stir the content with glass rode. 7- Record the time of addition of starch and at the end of each minute remove two drops reaction mixture using a test pipette, and add to on ...
Full Text - Journal of The Royal Society Interface
... the properties of the constituting enzymes rely on the combination of data from several organisms. The data were usually obtained from purified enzymes (see above), and it is unclear how the presence of high protein concentrations or other specific enzymes influences enzyme kinetics (this argument is m ...
... the properties of the constituting enzymes rely on the combination of data from several organisms. The data were usually obtained from purified enzymes (see above), and it is unclear how the presence of high protein concentrations or other specific enzymes influences enzyme kinetics (this argument is m ...
Ch. 23 Oxidation of fatty acids, ketones 1. Fatty acids are fuels:
... • FA oxidation gives NADH, FAD(2H) by βoxidation; TCA cycle -> high ATP/ADP, NADH/NAD+ and Acetyl CoA concentrations • AMP-dep PK adjusts [malonyl CoA] so CPT1 and β-oxidation operate as needed ...
... • FA oxidation gives NADH, FAD(2H) by βoxidation; TCA cycle -> high ATP/ADP, NADH/NAD+ and Acetyl CoA concentrations • AMP-dep PK adjusts [malonyl CoA] so CPT1 and β-oxidation operate as needed ...
Review Ribosome-independent Peptide Synthesis in Nature and
... reported (44). Obviously, the direct fermentation method is the most cost-effective for dipeptide manufacturing since it dose not need even the substrate amino acids. However, there has been little insight into balancing two metabolic fluxes or the intracellular fate of dipeptides, those of which ar ...
... reported (44). Obviously, the direct fermentation method is the most cost-effective for dipeptide manufacturing since it dose not need even the substrate amino acids. However, there has been little insight into balancing two metabolic fluxes or the intracellular fate of dipeptides, those of which ar ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.