AP bio fall 2014 final exam prep Multiple Choice Identify the choice
... d. Cells constantly adjust their metabolic reactions to provide energy whenever it is needed. e. All of these are true. ____ 37. If a mixture of bacteriophages, some labeled with radioactive sulfur and others labeled with radioactive phosphorus, is placed in a bacterial culture, the bacteria will ev ...
... d. Cells constantly adjust their metabolic reactions to provide energy whenever it is needed. e. All of these are true. ____ 37. If a mixture of bacteriophages, some labeled with radioactive sulfur and others labeled with radioactive phosphorus, is placed in a bacterial culture, the bacteria will ev ...
N - WordPress.com
... • The primary amine metabolites formed from oxidative dealkylation are susceptible to oxidative deamination. • This process is similar to N-dealkylation, in that it involves an initial α-carbon hydroxylation reaction to form a carbinolamine intermediate, which then undergoes subsequent carbon–nitro ...
... • The primary amine metabolites formed from oxidative dealkylation are susceptible to oxidative deamination. • This process is similar to N-dealkylation, in that it involves an initial α-carbon hydroxylation reaction to form a carbinolamine intermediate, which then undergoes subsequent carbon–nitro ...
Crystal Structure of the Carboxyltransferase Domain of Acetyl
... (7–10), in addition to being the site of action for commercial herbicides (11). In mammals, ACC1 is a cytosolic enzyme, and its production of malonyl-CoA is the committed step in the biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids (1–4). In comparison, ACC2 is a mitochondrial enzyme, and its malonyl-CoA prod ...
... (7–10), in addition to being the site of action for commercial herbicides (11). In mammals, ACC1 is a cytosolic enzyme, and its production of malonyl-CoA is the committed step in the biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids (1–4). In comparison, ACC2 is a mitochondrial enzyme, and its malonyl-CoA prod ...
pH Homeostasis in Lactic Acid Bacteria
... lactic acid bacterium S. themphilus was between 6.5 and 7.5 (9, 72). Among the lactic acid bacteria used as dairy starters, only the lactobacilli (Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus) appear to grow optimally at acid pH; maximal growth occurs at pH 5.5 to 5.8 (9, 9 ...
... lactic acid bacterium S. themphilus was between 6.5 and 7.5 (9, 72). Among the lactic acid bacteria used as dairy starters, only the lactobacilli (Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus) appear to grow optimally at acid pH; maximal growth occurs at pH 5.5 to 5.8 (9, 9 ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN: 2278-3008.
... change may be a result of changes in the activity of enzymes. The activity of plant polyphenoloxidases can cause enzymatic browning of fruits and vegetables and render food unfit for consumption due to formation of benzoquinone. Proteases degrade polypeptides and facilitate seed germination, leaf se ...
... change may be a result of changes in the activity of enzymes. The activity of plant polyphenoloxidases can cause enzymatic browning of fruits and vegetables and render food unfit for consumption due to formation of benzoquinone. Proteases degrade polypeptides and facilitate seed germination, leaf se ...
Role of Pro-297 in the catalytic mechanism of sheep liver... hydroxymethyltransferase
... revealed that Arg-292 of AATase is equivalent to Pro-297 of rSHMT. This residue is conserved in all mammalian SHMTs reported so far, suggesting a possible role in hydroxymethyl transfer. The X-ray structure of hcSHMT shows Pro-297 to be present at the end of an α-helix away from the tight dimer inte ...
... revealed that Arg-292 of AATase is equivalent to Pro-297 of rSHMT. This residue is conserved in all mammalian SHMTs reported so far, suggesting a possible role in hydroxymethyl transfer. The X-ray structure of hcSHMT shows Pro-297 to be present at the end of an α-helix away from the tight dimer inte ...
Thylakoid biogenesis has joined the new era of bacterial cell biology
... multisubunit complexes in nature. Recent years have seen major breakthroughs in elucidating the ultrastructure of all core constituents of these complexes, i.e., photosystem II (PSII), the cytb6 f complex and photosystem I (PS I) (Eberhard et al., 2008; Umena et al., 2011). They are composed of doze ...
... multisubunit complexes in nature. Recent years have seen major breakthroughs in elucidating the ultrastructure of all core constituents of these complexes, i.e., photosystem II (PSII), the cytb6 f complex and photosystem I (PS I) (Eberhard et al., 2008; Umena et al., 2011). They are composed of doze ...
Determination of Pyruvate Oxidation Rate and Citric Acid Cycle
... such as pyruvate dehydrogenase (1), the citric acid cycle (12), and the electron transport system ...
... such as pyruvate dehydrogenase (1), the citric acid cycle (12), and the electron transport system ...
Flux distributions in anaerobic, glucose-limited
... of the set of mass balances cannot be determined. A typical singularity appears when the three reactions of ammonia assimilation catalysed by glutamate dehydrogenase 11, glutamine synthase (GOGAT) and glutamine synthetase (GS) all are included in the stoichiometric matrix. Singularities can only be ...
... of the set of mass balances cannot be determined. A typical singularity appears when the three reactions of ammonia assimilation catalysed by glutamate dehydrogenase 11, glutamine synthase (GOGAT) and glutamine synthetase (GS) all are included in the stoichiometric matrix. Singularities can only be ...
Authors Title Year Keywords Journal/Proceedings Emile Bol
... Abstract: Formaldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Pyrococcus furiosus is a homotetrameric protein with one tungstodipterin and one [4Fe�4S] cubane per 69-kDa subunit. The enzyme kinetics have been studied under steady-state conditions at 80 �C and pre-steady state conditions at 50 �C, in the lat ...
... Abstract: Formaldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Pyrococcus furiosus is a homotetrameric protein with one tungstodipterin and one [4Fe�4S] cubane per 69-kDa subunit. The enzyme kinetics have been studied under steady-state conditions at 80 �C and pre-steady state conditions at 50 �C, in the lat ...
WHERE DOES THE ENERGY TO GALLOP COME
... the breakdown of glycogen to lactic acid. It’s also self-limiting. The body has an in built safety mechanism – its called fatigue. Of course we usually view fatigue as an annoyance, especially if it occurs too early! However, fatigue is the body’s way of saying “I’ve had enough”. For human athletes, ...
... the breakdown of glycogen to lactic acid. It’s also self-limiting. The body has an in built safety mechanism – its called fatigue. Of course we usually view fatigue as an annoyance, especially if it occurs too early! However, fatigue is the body’s way of saying “I’ve had enough”. For human athletes, ...
Fatty Acid Metabolism
... interconverted by the mitochondrial enzyme D(–)-3hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; the equilibrium is controlled by the mitochondrial [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio. ...
... interconverted by the mitochondrial enzyme D(–)-3hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; the equilibrium is controlled by the mitochondrial [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio. ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Nitrite is widely used by bacteria as an electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. In respiratory nitrite ammonification an electrochemical proton potential across the membrane is generated by electron transport from a non-fermentable substrate like formate or H2 to nitrite. The corresponding el ...
... Nitrite is widely used by bacteria as an electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. In respiratory nitrite ammonification an electrochemical proton potential across the membrane is generated by electron transport from a non-fermentable substrate like formate or H2 to nitrite. The corresponding el ...
Phosphoketolase pathway dominates in
... to funnel carbohydrates into the common three-carbon intermediate stage of glycolysis. In general, homofermentative LAB convert carbohydrates into lactate using the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP), whereas heterofermentative LAB produce lactate, ethanol, and carbon dioxide using the phosphoketolase pa ...
... to funnel carbohydrates into the common three-carbon intermediate stage of glycolysis. In general, homofermentative LAB convert carbohydrates into lactate using the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP), whereas heterofermentative LAB produce lactate, ethanol, and carbon dioxide using the phosphoketolase pa ...
Clinical Biochemistry
... animal starch, having a similar structure to amylopectin but more extensively branched and compact than starch. Glycogen is a polymer of α(1→4) glycosidic bonds linked, with α(1→6)linked branches. Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol/cytoplasm in many cell types, and plays an imp ...
... animal starch, having a similar structure to amylopectin but more extensively branched and compact than starch. Glycogen is a polymer of α(1→4) glycosidic bonds linked, with α(1→6)linked branches. Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol/cytoplasm in many cell types, and plays an imp ...
Cellular Respiration
... Lactic acid fermentation can supply enough ATP to last about 90 seconds. However, extra oxygen is required to get rid of the lactic acid produced. Following intense exercise, a person will huff and puff for several minutes in order to pay back the built-up “oxygen debt” and clear the lactic acid fro ...
... Lactic acid fermentation can supply enough ATP to last about 90 seconds. However, extra oxygen is required to get rid of the lactic acid produced. Following intense exercise, a person will huff and puff for several minutes in order to pay back the built-up “oxygen debt” and clear the lactic acid fro ...
The Puzzle of the Krebs Citric Acid Cycle: Assembling the Pieces of
... possibility mentioned; then many different keto compounds could participate in this addition reaction. This problem arises again in searching the next sequence of reactions, since the conversion of the first product back into the feeder will not always be chemically possibly under a reasonable set o ...
... possibility mentioned; then many different keto compounds could participate in this addition reaction. This problem arises again in searching the next sequence of reactions, since the conversion of the first product back into the feeder will not always be chemically possibly under a reasonable set o ...
Chem*3560 Lecture 23: Phospholipid Biosynthesis
... Phospholipid precursors are activated by forming a cytidine diphosphate derivative The activation process and activated product is exactly analogous to the formation of UDP-glucose as an activated glucose donor. The substrate phosphate ester displaces pyrophosphate (PPi). PPi concentration is kept ...
... Phospholipid precursors are activated by forming a cytidine diphosphate derivative The activation process and activated product is exactly analogous to the formation of UDP-glucose as an activated glucose donor. The substrate phosphate ester displaces pyrophosphate (PPi). PPi concentration is kept ...
Evolution of Cellular Data Processing
... cytoplasmic domains with one ATP binding site each (Figure 3.4). These domains may exist as separate subunits or may be integrated in one or two polypeptide chains. The transport channel is established by a circular arrangement of the transmembrane helices. In E. coli the ABC transporters constitute ...
... cytoplasmic domains with one ATP binding site each (Figure 3.4). These domains may exist as separate subunits or may be integrated in one or two polypeptide chains. The transport channel is established by a circular arrangement of the transmembrane helices. In E. coli the ABC transporters constitute ...
33_organelles.txt 3/25/2010 Limited proteolysis, phosphorylation
... A prolonged fast can activate a selective pathway in these structures that involves KFERQ proteins. I-cell disease results from a defect in the addition of the mannose-6-phosphate moiety used to target enzymes to them, and a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase ("gloo-coh-ser-eh-BRO-sih-dase" ...
... A prolonged fast can activate a selective pathway in these structures that involves KFERQ proteins. I-cell disease results from a defect in the addition of the mannose-6-phosphate moiety used to target enzymes to them, and a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase ("gloo-coh-ser-eh-BRO-sih-dase" ...
Thermodynamics (Classical) for Biological Systems Prof. GK
... times 292 Kelvin, 25 degrees C; and that works out to be 2.2 into 10 power 3. ...
... times 292 Kelvin, 25 degrees C; and that works out to be 2.2 into 10 power 3. ...
Topic 9 Oxidation and Reduction Answers - slider-dpchemistry-11
... Rule/s: Three rules are used here. Firstly, hydrogen always has an oxidation of +1 (except in combination with reactive metals such as Na when it is -1). Secondly, oxygen always has an oxidation state of –2 (except in H2O2 where it is -1). These known values are used first. Finally, as all these mol ...
... Rule/s: Three rules are used here. Firstly, hydrogen always has an oxidation of +1 (except in combination with reactive metals such as Na when it is -1). Secondly, oxygen always has an oxidation state of –2 (except in H2O2 where it is -1). These known values are used first. Finally, as all these mol ...
ATP Pool and Growth Yield in Selenomonas
... 0.084 h-l and after about 160 h attained a steady state which continued for the next 200 h. The dilution rate was then increased to 0.101for 200 h, a new steady state being reached in about 30 h. The medium was then changed to glucose plus pyruvate. Some granular growth occurred on first changing th ...
... 0.084 h-l and after about 160 h attained a steady state which continued for the next 200 h. The dilution rate was then increased to 0.101for 200 h, a new steady state being reached in about 30 h. The medium was then changed to glucose plus pyruvate. Some granular growth occurred on first changing th ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.