Calculation of Biochemical Net Reactions and Pathways by Using
... ionic species (Alberty, 1991b). The justification for this is that when a biochemical reaction is studied at a specific pH, H+ is not conserved and should not appear in the biochemical equation (Alberty, 1992b, 1994). Many biochemical textbooks write some of the 21 biochemical reactions discussed he ...
... ionic species (Alberty, 1991b). The justification for this is that when a biochemical reaction is studied at a specific pH, H+ is not conserved and should not appear in the biochemical equation (Alberty, 1992b, 1994). Many biochemical textbooks write some of the 21 biochemical reactions discussed he ...
Cobalt Biology Discussion - 1-29-15
... are bound to the Co(III)-center, one axial ligand is bound to the Co(II)-center, and it is assumed that no axial ligands are bound to the Co(I)-center. The four equatorial nitrogen ligands of the corrin macrocycle are bound in each of the three oxidation states, therefore electron transfer reactions ...
... are bound to the Co(III)-center, one axial ligand is bound to the Co(II)-center, and it is assumed that no axial ligands are bound to the Co(I)-center. The four equatorial nitrogen ligands of the corrin macrocycle are bound in each of the three oxidation states, therefore electron transfer reactions ...
Structure of the enzyme-acyl carrier protein (ACP) substrate
... This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. 1073/pnas.1207028109/-/DCSupplemental. ...
... This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. 1073/pnas.1207028109/-/DCSupplemental. ...
Mitochondrial very long chain acyl
... viously reported as having LCAD deficiency. seems to have a minor physiological role but Usually, the diagnosis of LCAD deficiency is further investigations are necessary in tissues carried out by measuring palmitoyl-CoA dehy- with a high fatty acid oxidation requirement, drogenation in the supemata ...
... viously reported as having LCAD deficiency. seems to have a minor physiological role but Usually, the diagnosis of LCAD deficiency is further investigations are necessary in tissues carried out by measuring palmitoyl-CoA dehy- with a high fatty acid oxidation requirement, drogenation in the supemata ...
Proteome of amyloplasts isolated from
... amyloplasts, plant organelles functional in the synthesis and storage of starch in heterotrophic plant tissues, remains in its infancy. Aside from pathways leading to the synthesis and breakdown of starch, relatively little is known about the biochemistry of this organelle (Neuhaus and Emes, 2000). ...
... amyloplasts, plant organelles functional in the synthesis and storage of starch in heterotrophic plant tissues, remains in its infancy. Aside from pathways leading to the synthesis and breakdown of starch, relatively little is known about the biochemistry of this organelle (Neuhaus and Emes, 2000). ...
Glycolysis - Oregon State University
... The aldolase reaction puts together pieces so A fructose molecule is made with two phosphates in tow Metabolic Melody gluconeogenesis liver’s specialty And one of Oh these gets cleaved offis by a fructose phosphatase Producing sugar foracting the body most admirably (slow) Unless F2,6BP's blocking p ...
... The aldolase reaction puts together pieces so A fructose molecule is made with two phosphates in tow Metabolic Melody gluconeogenesis liver’s specialty And one of Oh these gets cleaved offis by a fructose phosphatase Producing sugar foracting the body most admirably (slow) Unless F2,6BP's blocking p ...
Sequential Expression of Macromolecule
... in vivo RNA synthesis (Fig. I) suggest that the changes in RNA are mainly due to decreased de n o w RNA synthesis after 15 h of fermentation. Candicidin synthases were formed only after 18 h of fermentati ...
... in vivo RNA synthesis (Fig. I) suggest that the changes in RNA are mainly due to decreased de n o w RNA synthesis after 15 h of fermentation. Candicidin synthases were formed only after 18 h of fermentati ...
23. Oxidation and Reduction
... 1. The oxidation number of an atom of a free element is zero. Elements are free if they are not combined with other elements. If atoms of an element are combined with themselves, they are still considered to be free. For example, a free atom of Ag has an oxidation number of zero. In addition, atoms ...
... 1. The oxidation number of an atom of a free element is zero. Elements are free if they are not combined with other elements. If atoms of an element are combined with themselves, they are still considered to be free. For example, a free atom of Ag has an oxidation number of zero. In addition, atoms ...
Metabolic Pathway Flux Enhancement by Synthetic
... et al. (1999). The most striking examples of improved pathway efficiency via complex formation are those that have evolved structures capable of physically channeling substrates. Tryptophan synthase, carbamoyl phosphate synthase, and glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase are three e ...
... et al. (1999). The most striking examples of improved pathway efficiency via complex formation are those that have evolved structures capable of physically channeling substrates. Tryptophan synthase, carbamoyl phosphate synthase, and glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase are three e ...
Coenzyme A and Acyl Carrier Protein
... the 3’-phosphate group on the ribose moiety have been detected in tissues, their function is unknown. Not only is CoA intimately associated with most reactions of fatty acids, but it is also a key molecule in the catabolism of carbohydrates via the citric acid cycle in which acetyl-CoA is a major en ...
... the 3’-phosphate group on the ribose moiety have been detected in tissues, their function is unknown. Not only is CoA intimately associated with most reactions of fatty acids, but it is also a key molecule in the catabolism of carbohydrates via the citric acid cycle in which acetyl-CoA is a major en ...
Enzyme Catalytic Mechanisms
... Holding onto them so tight Changing their structure when they Get them in the S1 site ...
... Holding onto them so tight Changing their structure when they Get them in the S1 site ...
glycolysis
... large and important enzyme Some bacterial and yeast forms require a divalent cation as a cofactor; eukaryotic aldolases do not. The non-cationic forms proceed through an imine (Schiff-base) intermediate. ...
... large and important enzyme Some bacterial and yeast forms require a divalent cation as a cofactor; eukaryotic aldolases do not. The non-cationic forms proceed through an imine (Schiff-base) intermediate. ...
Enzymes Enzymes are characterized by
... equation that relates the rate of catalysis (v) to the concentration of enzyme and substrate and the rates of the individual steps in the kinetic pathway: Starting point is that the rate at which ...
... equation that relates the rate of catalysis (v) to the concentration of enzyme and substrate and the rates of the individual steps in the kinetic pathway: Starting point is that the rate at which ...
Authors` version - The Computable Plant
... for L-valine and L-isoleucine biosynthesis are catalyzed by a set of bi-functional enzymes that bind substrates from either pathway, L-valine inhibition of the first enzyme specific for its biosynthesis catalyzed by a single α-acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) could compromise the cell for L-isoleuc ...
... for L-valine and L-isoleucine biosynthesis are catalyzed by a set of bi-functional enzymes that bind substrates from either pathway, L-valine inhibition of the first enzyme specific for its biosynthesis catalyzed by a single α-acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) could compromise the cell for L-isoleuc ...
Mitochondrial stress causes increased succination of proteins in
... disulfide bonding to generate the higher-order secreted oligomers (primarily trimers, hexamers and octodecamers), that regulate lipid and glucose metabolism in muscle and liver [5]. We showed that Cys39 near the N-terminus is succinated and that succination prevented the incorporation of the adipone ...
... disulfide bonding to generate the higher-order secreted oligomers (primarily trimers, hexamers and octodecamers), that regulate lipid and glucose metabolism in muscle and liver [5]. We showed that Cys39 near the N-terminus is succinated and that succination prevented the incorporation of the adipone ...
Evolutionary Potential and Requirements for Minimal Protocells
... 5. The membrane must be able to grow, either through direct incorporation of membranogenic molecules from the environment or through conversion of appropriate precursors. 6. Reproduction in space of the protocells must happen. 7. Catalysis, replication and growth must be synchronised well. The chemo ...
... 5. The membrane must be able to grow, either through direct incorporation of membranogenic molecules from the environment or through conversion of appropriate precursors. 6. Reproduction in space of the protocells must happen. 7. Catalysis, replication and growth must be synchronised well. The chemo ...
Antifolding activity of hsp60 couples protein import into the
... fusion proteins were also imported and processed to the intermediate and mature forms. Processing was only observed in the presence of a membrane potential across the inner membrane (Figure 2, lanes 1 vs. 3 and 4 vs. 6). Quite unexpectedly, the precursors could reach the intermembrane space when tra ...
... fusion proteins were also imported and processed to the intermediate and mature forms. Processing was only observed in the presence of a membrane potential across the inner membrane (Figure 2, lanes 1 vs. 3 and 4 vs. 6). Quite unexpectedly, the precursors could reach the intermembrane space when tra ...
Proteome of amyloplasts isolated from developing wheat
... were replaced with holders fitted with single-edge razor blades. The resulting homogenate was filtered through two layers of Miracloth and gently pipetted onto a 4 ml cushion of 2% Nycodenz (Nycomed, Oslo, Norway) in plasmolysis buffer in a 15 ml conical tube containing a 2 ml 1% agar pad at the bot ...
... were replaced with holders fitted with single-edge razor blades. The resulting homogenate was filtered through two layers of Miracloth and gently pipetted onto a 4 ml cushion of 2% Nycodenz (Nycomed, Oslo, Norway) in plasmolysis buffer in a 15 ml conical tube containing a 2 ml 1% agar pad at the bot ...
9.2 Oxidation Numbers
... you can. (Table 9.2 provides a summary of these guidelines with examples.) The oxidation number for each atom in a pure element is zero. The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is equal to its charge. When fluorine atoms are combined with atoms of other elements, their oxidation number is ‒1. When o ...
... you can. (Table 9.2 provides a summary of these guidelines with examples.) The oxidation number for each atom in a pure element is zero. The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is equal to its charge. When fluorine atoms are combined with atoms of other elements, their oxidation number is ‒1. When o ...
PBL SEMINAR Biochemistry Division
... These molecules contain charges or dipoles Their charges or Dipoles interact with positive or negative ions in H2O In aqueous solution these molecules are surrounded by several molecules of water, thus they become soluble (or dissolve) in water Many Inorganic Ionic compounds dissolve in wate ...
... These molecules contain charges or dipoles Their charges or Dipoles interact with positive or negative ions in H2O In aqueous solution these molecules are surrounded by several molecules of water, thus they become soluble (or dissolve) in water Many Inorganic Ionic compounds dissolve in wate ...
3. G-protein-coupled receptors
... C) Hormones - extracellular loops + N-terminal chain D) Glutamate - N-terminal chain ...
... C) Hormones - extracellular loops + N-terminal chain D) Glutamate - N-terminal chain ...
Diversity and origins of anaerobic metabolism in mitochondria and
... phosphorylation. In this pathway, pyruvate from glycolysis is imported into mitochondria where it is oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and fed into the Krebs cycle to produce NADH and FADH2. These reduced cofactors are oxidized by the electron transport chain ( ...
... phosphorylation. In this pathway, pyruvate from glycolysis is imported into mitochondria where it is oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and fed into the Krebs cycle to produce NADH and FADH2. These reduced cofactors are oxidized by the electron transport chain ( ...
10 Translocation in the Phloem Chapter
... between the two cells. The plasmodesmata are often complex and branched on the companion cell side. Companion cells play a role in the transport of photosynthetic products from producing cells in mature leaves to the sieve elements in the minor (small) veins of the leaf. They are also thought to tak ...
... between the two cells. The plasmodesmata are often complex and branched on the companion cell side. Companion cells play a role in the transport of photosynthetic products from producing cells in mature leaves to the sieve elements in the minor (small) veins of the leaf. They are also thought to tak ...
Fatty acids: Review
... -If a fatty acid already has a double bond in it, the scheme by which the fatty acid is oxidized depends on where the double bond ends up after several of the C-2 fragments have been removed by normal β-oxidation -As the oxidation machinery chews off 2-carbon fragments, it nibbles down to one of two ...
... -If a fatty acid already has a double bond in it, the scheme by which the fatty acid is oxidized depends on where the double bond ends up after several of the C-2 fragments have been removed by normal β-oxidation -As the oxidation machinery chews off 2-carbon fragments, it nibbles down to one of two ...
Divergent Evolution of Function in the ROK Sugar
... ABSTRACT: The D-allose and N-acetyl-D-mannosamine kinases of Escherichia coli K-12 are divergent members of the functionally diverse ROK (repressor, open reading frame, kinase) superfamily. Previous work in our laboratory has demonstrated that AlsK and NanK possess weak phosphoryl transfer activity ...
... ABSTRACT: The D-allose and N-acetyl-D-mannosamine kinases of Escherichia coli K-12 are divergent members of the functionally diverse ROK (repressor, open reading frame, kinase) superfamily. Previous work in our laboratory has demonstrated that AlsK and NanK possess weak phosphoryl transfer activity ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.