Sugar Metabolism in Yeasts: an Overview of Aerobic and Anaerobic
... the split between respiration and fermentation (Pronk et al. 1996). One of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of pyruvate flux through the different routes is the regulation of the enzymes involved and their kinetic properties (Pronk et al. 1996). Compared with cytosolic pyruvate decarboxylase ...
... the split between respiration and fermentation (Pronk et al. 1996). One of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of pyruvate flux through the different routes is the regulation of the enzymes involved and their kinetic properties (Pronk et al. 1996). Compared with cytosolic pyruvate decarboxylase ...
Biomarkery a mechanismy toxicity
... (mixed function oxidase, mixed function oxygenase) - membrane enzymes bound to Endoplasmic reticulum - membrane vesicles "microsomes" = S-9 fraction can be extracted from cells MFO: principle enzymes: cytochromes P450 (CYPs) - haem-containing enzymes (superfamily of more than 150 genes) - several cl ...
... (mixed function oxidase, mixed function oxygenase) - membrane enzymes bound to Endoplasmic reticulum - membrane vesicles "microsomes" = S-9 fraction can be extracted from cells MFO: principle enzymes: cytochromes P450 (CYPs) - haem-containing enzymes (superfamily of more than 150 genes) - several cl ...
intermediary metabolism
... Hormones are chemical menagers secreted by different endocrine glands and carried by blood to other tissues or organs, where they may stimulate or inhibit some specific metabolic activity. For e.g. the hormone adrenalin, secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland, is carried by the blood to the li ...
... Hormones are chemical menagers secreted by different endocrine glands and carried by blood to other tissues or organs, where they may stimulate or inhibit some specific metabolic activity. For e.g. the hormone adrenalin, secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland, is carried by the blood to the li ...
Chapter 5
... A series of carrier molecules that are, in turn, oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain Energy released can be used to produce ATP by chemiosmosis ...
... A series of carrier molecules that are, in turn, oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain Energy released can be used to produce ATP by chemiosmosis ...
Comparative analysis of cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP synthesis
... [ATP]c into a conformational change that modulates the efficiency of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the two proteins, thus changing measurably the spectral properties of the sensor. Expression of AT1.03 in cytosol of cultured hippocampal neurons allowed us, for the first time, ...
... [ATP]c into a conformational change that modulates the efficiency of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the two proteins, thus changing measurably the spectral properties of the sensor. Expression of AT1.03 in cytosol of cultured hippocampal neurons allowed us, for the first time, ...
Functional analysis of hyperthermophilic endocellulase from
... the C-terminus, and determined the apo-enzyme structure [15]. However, we could not obtain X-ray diffraction data suitable for determination of the structure of the enzyme–substrate ligand complex. Failure to obtain suitable diffraction data might have been caused by the presence of zinc ions tightl ...
... the C-terminus, and determined the apo-enzyme structure [15]. However, we could not obtain X-ray diffraction data suitable for determination of the structure of the enzyme–substrate ligand complex. Failure to obtain suitable diffraction data might have been caused by the presence of zinc ions tightl ...
Glycolytic strategy as a tradeoff between energy yield and protein cost
... diverse, including several alternative glycolytic pathways, the most common of which is the Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathway. The prevalence of the ED pathway is puzzling as it produces only one ATP per glucose—half as much as the EMP pathway. We argue that the diversity of prokaryotic glucose metaboli ...
... diverse, including several alternative glycolytic pathways, the most common of which is the Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathway. The prevalence of the ED pathway is puzzling as it produces only one ATP per glucose—half as much as the EMP pathway. We argue that the diversity of prokaryotic glucose metaboli ...
Enzymes of the Calvin Cycle and Intermediary
... 7.5. The organisms were disrupted by two passages through a French pressure cell at 83 MPa at 4 "C. The remaining intact organisms and cell debris were removed by centrifuging at 38000 g for 45 min at 4 "C and the extracts were used immediately for enzyme assays. Cell breakage was estimated by deter ...
... 7.5. The organisms were disrupted by two passages through a French pressure cell at 83 MPa at 4 "C. The remaining intact organisms and cell debris were removed by centrifuging at 38000 g for 45 min at 4 "C and the extracts were used immediately for enzyme assays. Cell breakage was estimated by deter ...
From Structure to Function
... It is a fundamental axiom of biology that the three-dimensional structure of a protein determines its function. Understanding function through structure is a primary goal of structural biology. But this is not always simple, partly because a biologically useful definition of the function of a protei ...
... It is a fundamental axiom of biology that the three-dimensional structure of a protein determines its function. Understanding function through structure is a primary goal of structural biology. But this is not always simple, partly because a biologically useful definition of the function of a protei ...
A SOLUBLE RIBONUCLEIC ACID INTERMEDIATE IN PROTEIN
... irreversibly into cY-peptide linkage in protein has been used in our laboratories for a number of years as a measure of protein synthesis. The essential components of this system are the microsomal ribonucleoprotein particles, certain enzymes derived from the soluble protein fraction, adenosine trip ...
... irreversibly into cY-peptide linkage in protein has been used in our laboratories for a number of years as a measure of protein synthesis. The essential components of this system are the microsomal ribonucleoprotein particles, certain enzymes derived from the soluble protein fraction, adenosine trip ...
Review: can diet influence the selective advantage of mitochondrial
... between FADH2 and coenzyme Q, which means that very little energy is released as electrons traverse this complex. The TCA cycle provides FADH2 and this is reduced to NAD + H + . The glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle (GP) shuttle provides FADH2 to coenzyme Q (CoQ) between complexes III and IV via cytochro ...
... between FADH2 and coenzyme Q, which means that very little energy is released as electrons traverse this complex. The TCA cycle provides FADH2 and this is reduced to NAD + H + . The glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle (GP) shuttle provides FADH2 to coenzyme Q (CoQ) between complexes III and IV via cytochro ...
l-aspartate oxidase magnetic nanoparticles
... elds and with negligible residual magnetism and coercitivity. This means that these NPs can be magnetized with an external magnetic eld and immediately redispersed once the magnet is removed.8 We have recently functionalized iron oxide NPs with Damino acid oxidase for therapeutic purposes and obta ...
... elds and with negligible residual magnetism and coercitivity. This means that these NPs can be magnetized with an external magnetic eld and immediately redispersed once the magnet is removed.8 We have recently functionalized iron oxide NPs with Damino acid oxidase for therapeutic purposes and obta ...
ch_25_lecture_presentation
... Oxygen accepts the lowenergy electrons, and with hydrogen ions, forms water. ...
... Oxygen accepts the lowenergy electrons, and with hydrogen ions, forms water. ...
Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis
... acidosis. Similarly, there is a wealth of research evidence to show that acidosis is caused by reactions other than lactate production. Every time ATP is broken down to ADP and Pi, a proton is released. When the ATP demand of muscle contraction is met by mitochondrial respiration, there is no proton ...
... acidosis. Similarly, there is a wealth of research evidence to show that acidosis is caused by reactions other than lactate production. Every time ATP is broken down to ADP and Pi, a proton is released. When the ATP demand of muscle contraction is met by mitochondrial respiration, there is no proton ...
The Family of Berberine Bridge Enzyme-like
... parents for their love and support. I would like to thank my dear wife for being on my side during the past wonderful years. Theodor and Konrad, I thank you for brightening up my days with their laughter and thus I dedicate my thesis to my children. ...
... parents for their love and support. I would like to thank my dear wife for being on my side during the past wonderful years. Theodor and Konrad, I thank you for brightening up my days with their laughter and thus I dedicate my thesis to my children. ...
Being right on Q: shaping eukaryotic evolution
... complete oxidative breakdown (to CO2 and H2O) vary for the different catabolic substrates listed [5]. We find a minimum for glucose, with a ratio of 0.2 (one FADH2 formed for five molecules of NADH) if ‘normal’ NADH import into mitochondria, using the aspartate/malate shuttle, occurs. Saturated long-c ...
... complete oxidative breakdown (to CO2 and H2O) vary for the different catabolic substrates listed [5]. We find a minimum for glucose, with a ratio of 0.2 (one FADH2 formed for five molecules of NADH) if ‘normal’ NADH import into mitochondria, using the aspartate/malate shuttle, occurs. Saturated long-c ...
Arg305 of Streptomyces l-glutamate oxidase plays a crucial role for
... of LGOX resembles that of LAO [19]. A previous report by Pawelek et al. of the crystal structure of LAO interacted with o-aminobenzoate (AB) described that three AB molecules are visible within the funnel of the LAO-AB complex [23]. Likewise, the structure of LGOX interacted with ligand provide us w ...
... of LGOX resembles that of LAO [19]. A previous report by Pawelek et al. of the crystal structure of LAO interacted with o-aminobenzoate (AB) described that three AB molecules are visible within the funnel of the LAO-AB complex [23]. Likewise, the structure of LGOX interacted with ligand provide us w ...
Increased Protein and Lipid Oxidative Damage in
... be dismutated by Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD) to produce hydrogen peroxide. In its protonated, noncharged form, HO2 can diffuse freely across the membrane and is a likely candidate that can attack and damage biomolecules at a distant site. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide in the presence of redox-active ...
... be dismutated by Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD) to produce hydrogen peroxide. In its protonated, noncharged form, HO2 can diffuse freely across the membrane and is a likely candidate that can attack and damage biomolecules at a distant site. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide in the presence of redox-active ...
A genomic view on syntrophic versus non-syntrophic
... were included in our analysis (Table 1). Correct codon usage of sequences coding for selenocysteine-containing formate dehydrogenases and hydrogenases was verified (Supplementary file 1). Our strategy is to compare first bacteria that degrade propionate and butyrate, and then to identify if similaritie ...
... were included in our analysis (Table 1). Correct codon usage of sequences coding for selenocysteine-containing formate dehydrogenases and hydrogenases was verified (Supplementary file 1). Our strategy is to compare first bacteria that degrade propionate and butyrate, and then to identify if similaritie ...
respiration - A-level Biology Tutor
... 9. This was designed to test the understanding of respiratory knowledge and proved to be an excellent discriminating question. Only those who really understand respiration gained all marks and their scripts were a real pleasure to mark - it is to be hoped they might put this knowledge and ability to ...
... 9. This was designed to test the understanding of respiratory knowledge and proved to be an excellent discriminating question. Only those who really understand respiration gained all marks and their scripts were a real pleasure to mark - it is to be hoped they might put this knowledge and ability to ...
Recent advances in enzyme promiscuity | SpringerLink
... functions. However, they also catalyze dissimilar substrates that are promiscuous functions of these enzymes. For better distinction between promiscuous function and broad substrate specificity, the function of enzyme, which has no physiological relevance, can be categorized as promiscuous function. ...
... functions. However, they also catalyze dissimilar substrates that are promiscuous functions of these enzymes. For better distinction between promiscuous function and broad substrate specificity, the function of enzyme, which has no physiological relevance, can be categorized as promiscuous function. ...
Translocation of Photosynthate - Academic Resources at Missouri
... water by osmosis. HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 4. The Phloem sap is pushed through the seive tube column to a SINK area of low solute concentration. (root, bud, grain, bulb, etc.) Sap is pulled out by active transport or stored as starch. UNLOADING 5. Sap continues to flow toward the sink as long as sug ...
... water by osmosis. HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 4. The Phloem sap is pushed through the seive tube column to a SINK area of low solute concentration. (root, bud, grain, bulb, etc.) Sap is pulled out by active transport or stored as starch. UNLOADING 5. Sap continues to flow toward the sink as long as sug ...
Enzymes: The Biological Accelerators
... Enzymes are the macromolecular biological catalysts which tend to exhibit tremendous biological value for the human society. These are known to accelerate and catalyze the chemical reactions many times faster than ordinary. Generally, they are known to catalyze more than 5,000 types of biochemical r ...
... Enzymes are the macromolecular biological catalysts which tend to exhibit tremendous biological value for the human society. These are known to accelerate and catalyze the chemical reactions many times faster than ordinary. Generally, they are known to catalyze more than 5,000 types of biochemical r ...
Introduction into Metabolism and Energy Exchange in Human
... Figure 1.6. Coupling of oxidation with oxidative phosphorylation All the cytochromes b, c1, c are hemoproteins containing one heme and one polypeptide chain according to one molecule composition. The exception is for Cytochrome C Oxidase, it is also hemoprotein but more complicated in structure. Al ...
... Figure 1.6. Coupling of oxidation with oxidative phosphorylation All the cytochromes b, c1, c are hemoproteins containing one heme and one polypeptide chain according to one molecule composition. The exception is for Cytochrome C Oxidase, it is also hemoprotein but more complicated in structure. Al ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.