Comparison of the Functional Differences for the Homologous Residues within... Carboxy Phosphate and Carbamate Domains of Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase
... Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) from Escherichia coli catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from two molecules of MgATP, bicarbonate, and glutamine. It has been previously shown that the amino- and carboxy-terminal halves of the large subunit of this protein are homologous. A working m ...
... Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) from Escherichia coli catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from two molecules of MgATP, bicarbonate, and glutamine. It has been previously shown that the amino- and carboxy-terminal halves of the large subunit of this protein are homologous. A working m ...
Cu(II)–disulfide complexes display simultaneous superoxide
... [30]. Briefly, rat duodenal epithelium-isolated mitochondria were incubated for 30 min with DHE (10 μM). After incubation, mitochondria were centrifuged for 10 min (14,000 g, 4 °C) and resuspended in phosphate buffer (20 mM, pH 7.4) containing NADH (65 μM), coenzyme Q (32.5 μM), diclofenac (500 μM) a ...
... [30]. Briefly, rat duodenal epithelium-isolated mitochondria were incubated for 30 min with DHE (10 μM). After incubation, mitochondria were centrifuged for 10 min (14,000 g, 4 °C) and resuspended in phosphate buffer (20 mM, pH 7.4) containing NADH (65 μM), coenzyme Q (32.5 μM), diclofenac (500 μM) a ...
Translocation Arrest by Reversible Folding of a Precursor Protein
... pDS-6226 (Hartl et al., 1987a) by the Barn HI-Hind III fragment of the plasmid pDS5/3 (Stueber et al., 1984) containing the DHFR gene. For in vitro transcription the fused pb2DHFR gene was cut out with Eco RI and Hind III and ligated to the corresponding sites of the expression vector pGEM3. The pro ...
... pDS-6226 (Hartl et al., 1987a) by the Barn HI-Hind III fragment of the plasmid pDS5/3 (Stueber et al., 1984) containing the DHFR gene. For in vitro transcription the fused pb2DHFR gene was cut out with Eco RI and Hind III and ligated to the corresponding sites of the expression vector pGEM3. The pro ...
Metabolic pathways in Anopheles stephensi mitochondria
... relatively high rate values for the oxidation of glycerophosphate indicated the presence of an active glycerophosphate shuttle. Addition of malonate, an inhibitor of Complex II, caused a 90% inhibition of pyruvate oxidation, demonstrating that the tricarboxylic acid cycle is required for pyruvate ox ...
... relatively high rate values for the oxidation of glycerophosphate indicated the presence of an active glycerophosphate shuttle. Addition of malonate, an inhibitor of Complex II, caused a 90% inhibition of pyruvate oxidation, demonstrating that the tricarboxylic acid cycle is required for pyruvate ox ...
Electron Transport Chains of Lactic Acid Bacteria
... proton motive force (PMF). This is in contrast to fermentation, defined as the oxidation of organic compounds using endogenous electron acceptors that are usually catabolic intermediates of the same organic compounds. LAB as a group are generally considered non-respiring and obligate fermentors. Fer ...
... proton motive force (PMF). This is in contrast to fermentation, defined as the oxidation of organic compounds using endogenous electron acceptors that are usually catabolic intermediates of the same organic compounds. LAB as a group are generally considered non-respiring and obligate fermentors. Fer ...
Enzymes and Vitamins Chapter 21 Problem
... 21.49 If each enzyme molecule is working to full capacity (saturated), a further increase in substrate concentration will have no effect on the rate of the reaction; the rate will remain constant. 21.50 number of substrate molecules transformed per molecule of enzyme per minute at optimum temperatur ...
... 21.49 If each enzyme molecule is working to full capacity (saturated), a further increase in substrate concentration will have no effect on the rate of the reaction; the rate will remain constant. 21.50 number of substrate molecules transformed per molecule of enzyme per minute at optimum temperatur ...
Module 2 General principles of metabolism. Мetabolism of carbohy
... E. * All reactions produce some heat. 17. Active holoenzymes are formed from ____________ in the presence of _________. A. Cofactors; proteins B. Proteins; cofactors C. * Apoenzymes; cofactors D. Apoenzymes; proteins E. Apoenzymes; inactive holoenzymes 18. An allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme usual ...
... E. * All reactions produce some heat. 17. Active holoenzymes are formed from ____________ in the presence of _________. A. Cofactors; proteins B. Proteins; cofactors C. * Apoenzymes; cofactors D. Apoenzymes; proteins E. Apoenzymes; inactive holoenzymes 18. An allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme usual ...
4. Power: Pathways that make ATP
... 4.1 The human body has a duel power system In hybrid cars, such as a PriusTM, power is supplied by two systems. For long-term travel, gasoline is used to move the pistons, which then causes the wheels to move. This process uses O2 and an equation of the reaction of gasoline with oxygen, O2, is the s ...
... 4.1 The human body has a duel power system In hybrid cars, such as a PriusTM, power is supplied by two systems. For long-term travel, gasoline is used to move the pistons, which then causes the wheels to move. This process uses O2 and an equation of the reaction of gasoline with oxygen, O2, is the s ...
Hemoglobin Learning Objective Hemoglobin
... Hemoglobin binds four molecules of oxygen per tetramer, one per heme, in a cooperative manner. The first model for cooperative binding, proposed by Monod, Wyman and Changeux, also known as the MWC model, assumes that each subunit can exist in at least two conformational states with all subunits maki ...
... Hemoglobin binds four molecules of oxygen per tetramer, one per heme, in a cooperative manner. The first model for cooperative binding, proposed by Monod, Wyman and Changeux, also known as the MWC model, assumes that each subunit can exist in at least two conformational states with all subunits maki ...
Antioxidant and Prooxidant Activities of
... Reactive Oxygen and Nitric Oxide Species, Their Function, and Oxidative Stress Molecular oxygen is essential for the survival of all aerobic organisms. Partially reduced metabolites of molecular oxygen, such as superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, are formed during normal metabolism in mitochondr ...
... Reactive Oxygen and Nitric Oxide Species, Their Function, and Oxidative Stress Molecular oxygen is essential for the survival of all aerobic organisms. Partially reduced metabolites of molecular oxygen, such as superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, are formed during normal metabolism in mitochondr ...
to the PDF file. - CURVE
... This work was supported by Carleton University. The research in this thesis was performed under the guidance and supervision of Dr. Susan Aitken. It has been a pleasure to learn from her knowledge and experience. I acknowledge the valuable input and guidance from my advisory committee members, Dr. A ...
... This work was supported by Carleton University. The research in this thesis was performed under the guidance and supervision of Dr. Susan Aitken. It has been a pleasure to learn from her knowledge and experience. I acknowledge the valuable input and guidance from my advisory committee members, Dr. A ...
Fatty Acid Catabolism
... triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides. Lipases are specific for the triacylglycerols, whereas the phospholipases (A1, A2, B, C & D) digest the phosphoglycerides. Cerebrosidases and Gangliosidases hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds of the glycosphingolipids and Ceramidase hydrolyzes the amide bond betw ...
... triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides. Lipases are specific for the triacylglycerols, whereas the phospholipases (A1, A2, B, C & D) digest the phosphoglycerides. Cerebrosidases and Gangliosidases hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds of the glycosphingolipids and Ceramidase hydrolyzes the amide bond betw ...
a guide-book to biochemistry
... of compounds in their natural environment, and how they are geared into the machinery of life; his job begins where th~ organic chemist leaves off. There are, of course, biochemists with organic chemical leanings, spending their time largely on problems of chemical structure, but they tend to be in ...
... of compounds in their natural environment, and how they are geared into the machinery of life; his job begins where th~ organic chemist leaves off. There are, of course, biochemists with organic chemical leanings, spending their time largely on problems of chemical structure, but they tend to be in ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Generation of oxaloacetate occurs in the mitochondria only, but, gluconeogenesis occurs in the cytosol. PEPCK is distributed between both compartments in humans, Either PEP must be transported across the membranes or oxaloacetate has to be transported. PEP transport systems are seen in the mitochond ...
... Generation of oxaloacetate occurs in the mitochondria only, but, gluconeogenesis occurs in the cytosol. PEPCK is distributed between both compartments in humans, Either PEP must be transported across the membranes or oxaloacetate has to be transported. PEP transport systems are seen in the mitochond ...
Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas and Entner–Doudoroff pathways in
... At the moment, we can only speculate about the physiological meaning of the different pathways, since nothing is known about the regulation of the ED pathways at the protein and gene levels. However, the organization of the ED genes coding for KDG kinase and KDG aldolase together with a gene homolog ...
... At the moment, we can only speculate about the physiological meaning of the different pathways, since nothing is known about the regulation of the ED pathways at the protein and gene levels. However, the organization of the ED genes coding for KDG kinase and KDG aldolase together with a gene homolog ...
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Problem Unit Two
... Enzymes, then, are necessary for the normal functioning of cells. Disease states may be caused by the absence or alteration of an enzyme (i.e., a genetic disease), the introduction of an enzyme inhibitor (i.e., a bacterial toxin, a chemical, etc.), the overproduction of an enzyme, or the introductio ...
... Enzymes, then, are necessary for the normal functioning of cells. Disease states may be caused by the absence or alteration of an enzyme (i.e., a genetic disease), the introduction of an enzyme inhibitor (i.e., a bacterial toxin, a chemical, etc.), the overproduction of an enzyme, or the introductio ...
Isotope-Exchange Evidence that Glucose 6
... i.e. phosphorylation of glucose. Although at low non-inhibitory glucose 6-phosphate concentrations the flux ratio increases linearly with the MgATP concentration, the dependence becomes non-linear, with a slope that increases with the MgATP concentration, at glucose 6-phosphate concentrations above ...
... i.e. phosphorylation of glucose. Although at low non-inhibitory glucose 6-phosphate concentrations the flux ratio increases linearly with the MgATP concentration, the dependence becomes non-linear, with a slope that increases with the MgATP concentration, at glucose 6-phosphate concentrations above ...
1 - UCSB C.L.A.S.
... 2. (Ch 23, #20) If O-18 labeled water was used to hydrolyze lysosyme, which ring would contain the label? Hydrolysis occurs in the step shown below and the labeled oxygen would end up on the anomeric C of the NAM (D) unit. ...
... 2. (Ch 23, #20) If O-18 labeled water was used to hydrolyze lysosyme, which ring would contain the label? Hydrolysis occurs in the step shown below and the labeled oxygen would end up on the anomeric C of the NAM (D) unit. ...
Dehydrogenase Complexes of Corn (Zea mays L.) and Soybean
... dehydrogenase complex. The inhibition of the dihydroxylipoamide dehydrogenase activity from both corn and soybean mitochondria by 1.0 mm haloxyfop was less than 2%, although the enzyme activity of dihydroxylipoamide dehydrogenase was about 15 times greater than the PDC activity per unit protein cont ...
... dehydrogenase complex. The inhibition of the dihydroxylipoamide dehydrogenase activity from both corn and soybean mitochondria by 1.0 mm haloxyfop was less than 2%, although the enzyme activity of dihydroxylipoamide dehydrogenase was about 15 times greater than the PDC activity per unit protein cont ...
Small-molecule metabolism: an enzyme mosaic
... are very rare. If duplication of large portions of the bacterial chromosome takes place, and all the genes in a duplicated portion were used to form a new pathway, serial recruitment would be expected. In fact, only 89 out of 26 341 (0.3%) possible pairs of enzymes are homologous in both the first a ...
... are very rare. If duplication of large portions of the bacterial chromosome takes place, and all the genes in a duplicated portion were used to form a new pathway, serial recruitment would be expected. In fact, only 89 out of 26 341 (0.3%) possible pairs of enzymes are homologous in both the first a ...
A tribute to sulfur - Wiley Online Library
... was found that the active site Cys residue is located in the middle of a highly flexible loop of 12 amino acids, which may be able to adapt to varied geometries in acceptor proteins. The 3D structure of C-DES from Synechocystis has now also become available [52]. Contrary to the NifS type Cys desulf ...
... was found that the active site Cys residue is located in the middle of a highly flexible loop of 12 amino acids, which may be able to adapt to varied geometries in acceptor proteins. The 3D structure of C-DES from Synechocystis has now also become available [52]. Contrary to the NifS type Cys desulf ...
Properties and Kinetic Analysis of UDP
... experiments indicated, however, that this enzyme did not require a cysteine for catalysis and therefore does not follow the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase paradigm (33, 34). A way in which one can maximize the chances that a labeling reagent will target a catalytically important group is t ...
... experiments indicated, however, that this enzyme did not require a cysteine for catalysis and therefore does not follow the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase paradigm (33, 34). A way in which one can maximize the chances that a labeling reagent will target a catalytically important group is t ...
Russell, M.J. and Hall, A.J. 2006.
... convection in the oceanic crust, was resolved by the onset of life. We suggest that this chemosynthetic life emerged within hydrothermal mounds produced by alkaline solutions of moderate temperature in the relative safety of the deep ocean floor. Exothermic reaction between hydrothermal H2, HCOO - a ...
... convection in the oceanic crust, was resolved by the onset of life. We suggest that this chemosynthetic life emerged within hydrothermal mounds produced by alkaline solutions of moderate temperature in the relative safety of the deep ocean floor. Exothermic reaction between hydrothermal H2, HCOO - a ...
Vanadium(V) complexes in enzyme systems: aqueous chemistry
... the inhibition of protein tyrosine function by vanadate and by DMHAV and suggests that such reactions occur within the active site pocket of these enzymes. Attempts to experimentally discover whether the mono or the bis ligand dimethylhydroxylamine complex is the functional inhibitor have not proven ...
... the inhibition of protein tyrosine function by vanadate and by DMHAV and suggests that such reactions occur within the active site pocket of these enzymes. Attempts to experimentally discover whether the mono or the bis ligand dimethylhydroxylamine complex is the functional inhibitor have not proven ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.