Mittenthal, J.E., Clarke, B., Waddell, T., and Fawcett, G.
... required, allowed, or excluded as an input, output, or intermediate of networks that the algorithm generates. In addition to local constraints there may also be global constraints, such as minimizing the number of reaction steps in the network or the number of kinds of enzymes used. The preceding al ...
... required, allowed, or excluded as an input, output, or intermediate of networks that the algorithm generates. In addition to local constraints there may also be global constraints, such as minimizing the number of reaction steps in the network or the number of kinds of enzymes used. The preceding al ...
Poster
... carboxybiotin is minimal. When an analog of pyruvate is added to the reaction mixture, the decarboxylation of carboxybiotin occurs rapidly over time. All depicted analogs contain both the carboxyl and oxo groups of pyruvate, suggesting a role for these functional groups in binding the ligand in the ...
... carboxybiotin is minimal. When an analog of pyruvate is added to the reaction mixture, the decarboxylation of carboxybiotin occurs rapidly over time. All depicted analogs contain both the carboxyl and oxo groups of pyruvate, suggesting a role for these functional groups in binding the ligand in the ...
New Functions for Parts of the Krebs Cycle in Procyclic
... Metabolic Pathways in the Presence of Glucose (10 mM), Glycerol (13 mM), Proline (5 mM), and Threonine (3 mM)—The incubations performed with [6-14C]glucose demonstrated that acetate and succinate were the main excreted end products of glucose metabolism (Fig. 1A), which is in agreement with previous ...
... Metabolic Pathways in the Presence of Glucose (10 mM), Glycerol (13 mM), Proline (5 mM), and Threonine (3 mM)—The incubations performed with [6-14C]glucose demonstrated that acetate and succinate were the main excreted end products of glucose metabolism (Fig. 1A), which is in agreement with previous ...
Adaptative biochemical pathways and regulatory networks in
... fermentation and EPS production, BAS-10 was cultivated: i) under aerobic conditions on Fe(III)citrate (FEC) as sole carbon source; ii) under anaerobic conditions using FEC or iii) Na(I)-citrate (NAC) as sole carbon source. Then, bacterial proteomes were analyzed using anaerobic FEC growth as pivotal ...
... fermentation and EPS production, BAS-10 was cultivated: i) under aerobic conditions on Fe(III)citrate (FEC) as sole carbon source; ii) under anaerobic conditions using FEC or iii) Na(I)-citrate (NAC) as sole carbon source. Then, bacterial proteomes were analyzed using anaerobic FEC growth as pivotal ...
Study of Different Variants of Mo Enzyme crARC and the Interaction
... proteins have been shwon to be involved in NO synthesis by different ways. In this regard, in vitro studies have shown that human ARCO is also able to catalyze the reduction of the NO precursor N-omega-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA) to arginine [20]. In this sense, a variety of several enzymes have been ...
... proteins have been shwon to be involved in NO synthesis by different ways. In this regard, in vitro studies have shown that human ARCO is also able to catalyze the reduction of the NO precursor N-omega-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA) to arginine [20]. In this sense, a variety of several enzymes have been ...
A1121 SD1 - Food Standards Australia New Zealand
... which can catalyse the hydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity, but does not hydrolyse peptide amides. The Applicant states that the enzyme will be used in flavourings, cereal products produced from flour, enzyme modified cheese or dairy ingredients used in other foods, processed egg products, ...
... which can catalyse the hydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity, but does not hydrolyse peptide amides. The Applicant states that the enzyme will be used in flavourings, cereal products produced from flour, enzyme modified cheese or dairy ingredients used in other foods, processed egg products, ...
cell biology and membrane biochemistry
... associated with the intracellular membranes of eukaryotic organelles are performed by plasma membranes in prokaryotes. However, the photosynthetic bacteria contain internal membrane around the vesicles that contain proteins and photosynthetic assemblies involved in light reactions and initial steps ...
... associated with the intracellular membranes of eukaryotic organelles are performed by plasma membranes in prokaryotes. However, the photosynthetic bacteria contain internal membrane around the vesicles that contain proteins and photosynthetic assemblies involved in light reactions and initial steps ...
Principles of Metabolic Regulation
... require energy for extended periods of time. For example, ducks generally fly several thousand miles during their annual migration. The flight muscles of migratory birds have a high oxidative capacity and obtain the necessary ATP through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA (obtained from fats) via the citri ...
... require energy for extended periods of time. For example, ducks generally fly several thousand miles during their annual migration. The flight muscles of migratory birds have a high oxidative capacity and obtain the necessary ATP through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA (obtained from fats) via the citri ...
Structure of human cystathionine synthase: a
... of Trp54. The heme carboxylate groups are involved in ionic interactions with Arg51 and Arg224 and are partially solvent accessible. This is in contrast to heme enzymes like cytochrome c peroxidase and cytochrome P450cam, where the heme is completely buried in an internal cavity of the protein (Poul ...
... of Trp54. The heme carboxylate groups are involved in ionic interactions with Arg51 and Arg224 and are partially solvent accessible. This is in contrast to heme enzymes like cytochrome c peroxidase and cytochrome P450cam, where the heme is completely buried in an internal cavity of the protein (Poul ...
1 oxidative capacity distribution in skeletal muscle fibers of the rat
... that the oxidative capacity of the mitochondria is different in different regions of the muscle fiber. In heart muscle, Palmer et al. (1977, 1985) and McMillin-Wood et al. (1980) have described two populations of mitochondria with different oxidative characteristics. One of them, released by using t ...
... that the oxidative capacity of the mitochondria is different in different regions of the muscle fiber. In heart muscle, Palmer et al. (1977, 1985) and McMillin-Wood et al. (1980) have described two populations of mitochondria with different oxidative characteristics. One of them, released by using t ...
Sample
... shared equally in this arrangement, water exhibits many unique characteristics that are beneficial for life (e.g. high surface tension). Discuss several of these characteristics and explain how they are beneficial to living organisms. Answer: High surface tension results from attractive forces betwe ...
... shared equally in this arrangement, water exhibits many unique characteristics that are beneficial for life (e.g. high surface tension). Discuss several of these characteristics and explain how they are beneficial to living organisms. Answer: High surface tension results from attractive forces betwe ...
Red blood cells: proteomics, physiology and metabolism
... boundaries prior to in-gel proteolytic digestion and subsequent peptide elution. In some cases fractionation steps may involve procedures isolating specific protein types such as membrane proteins, and as such may contribute both to purification and fractionation. RBC membrane and soluble fractions ...
... boundaries prior to in-gel proteolytic digestion and subsequent peptide elution. In some cases fractionation steps may involve procedures isolating specific protein types such as membrane proteins, and as such may contribute both to purification and fractionation. RBC membrane and soluble fractions ...
Novel Riboswitch Ligand Analogs as Selective Inhibitors of Guanine
... for antimicrobial drugs. Riboswitches are RNA structures located in untranslated regions of messenger RNAs that regulate the expression of genes involved in the transport and metabolism of small metabolites. We have identified a new antibiotic specifically targeting riboswitches found in a subgroup ...
... for antimicrobial drugs. Riboswitches are RNA structures located in untranslated regions of messenger RNAs that regulate the expression of genes involved in the transport and metabolism of small metabolites. We have identified a new antibiotic specifically targeting riboswitches found in a subgroup ...
A metaproteomic assessment of winter and summer
... Rhodobacterales clades of Alphaproteobacteria, as well as many lineages of Gammaproteobacteria. The metaproteome data were used to elucidate the main metabolic and energy generation pathways and transport processes occurring at the microbial level in each season. In summer, autotrophic carbon assimi ...
... Rhodobacterales clades of Alphaproteobacteria, as well as many lineages of Gammaproteobacteria. The metaproteome data were used to elucidate the main metabolic and energy generation pathways and transport processes occurring at the microbial level in each season. In summer, autotrophic carbon assimi ...
lecture7
... 22.3.7. Animals Cannot Convert Fatty Acids into Glucose It is important to note that animals are unable to effect the net synthesis of glucose from fatty acids. Specifically, acetyl CoA cannot be converted into pyruvate or oxaloacetate in animals. The two carbon atoms of the acetyl group of acetyl C ...
... 22.3.7. Animals Cannot Convert Fatty Acids into Glucose It is important to note that animals are unable to effect the net synthesis of glucose from fatty acids. Specifically, acetyl CoA cannot be converted into pyruvate or oxaloacetate in animals. The two carbon atoms of the acetyl group of acetyl C ...
Nonphosphorylating Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
... produce NADPH after coupling anabolism with glycolysis (Habenicht, 1997). The occurrence of np-Ga3PDHase in the cytosol of plant cells establishes an alternative for the Ga3P oxidation step during glycolysis. As a result, Ga3P can be metabolized to 3PGA either by the coupling of phosphorylating NAD- ...
... produce NADPH after coupling anabolism with glycolysis (Habenicht, 1997). The occurrence of np-Ga3PDHase in the cytosol of plant cells establishes an alternative for the Ga3P oxidation step during glycolysis. As a result, Ga3P can be metabolized to 3PGA either by the coupling of phosphorylating NAD- ...
Chapter 24
... polymerization/depolymerization with the filamentous polymeric state being active. You should understand the regulatory effects of citrate (favors polymer formation), palmitoyl-CoA (depolymerizes) and covalent phosphorylation (blocks citrate binding) on acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity. In -oxidatio ...
... polymerization/depolymerization with the filamentous polymeric state being active. You should understand the regulatory effects of citrate (favors polymer formation), palmitoyl-CoA (depolymerizes) and covalent phosphorylation (blocks citrate binding) on acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity. In -oxidatio ...
Structure, function, and evolution of phosphoglycerate mutases
... enzymes have been identi®ed in monomeric, dimeric or tetrameric forms having a molecular weight of approximately 27 kDa per monomer (Fig. 1). Sequence analysis of all known dPGMs showed that these enzymes are similar across the species. They also exhibit signi®cant sequence and functional similarity ...
... enzymes have been identi®ed in monomeric, dimeric or tetrameric forms having a molecular weight of approximately 27 kDa per monomer (Fig. 1). Sequence analysis of all known dPGMs showed that these enzymes are similar across the species. They also exhibit signi®cant sequence and functional similarity ...
Enzymologychapter13 - Panama College of Cell Science
... Traditionally, enzymes were named by adding the suffix -ase to the name of the substrate upon which they acted, as in urease for the urea-hydrolyzing enzyme or phosphatase for enzymes hydrolyzing phosphoryl groups from organic phosphate compounds. Other enzymes acquired names bearing little resembla ...
... Traditionally, enzymes were named by adding the suffix -ase to the name of the substrate upon which they acted, as in urease for the urea-hydrolyzing enzyme or phosphatase for enzymes hydrolyzing phosphoryl groups from organic phosphate compounds. Other enzymes acquired names bearing little resembla ...
Fuelling the future: microbial engineering for the production
... greenhouse gasses (GHGs), including CO2, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), have been linked to global climate and environmental changes1,2, such as rising sea levels, weakening of thermohaline circulation and eradication of coral reef. The global CO2 release from fossil fuel usage is now approx ...
... greenhouse gasses (GHGs), including CO2, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), have been linked to global climate and environmental changes1,2, such as rising sea levels, weakening of thermohaline circulation and eradication of coral reef. The global CO2 release from fossil fuel usage is now approx ...
Carbon dioxide metabolism and ecological significance
... inorganic C (Ci) availability. The equilibrium between CO2 and HCO3- is slow in pH between 7 and 8.5. However, cyanobacteria have developed different transporters in order to uptake inorganic C (Ci) efficiently when high or low levels are available [38, 40]. In addition, it seems that light is a pre ...
... inorganic C (Ci) availability. The equilibrium between CO2 and HCO3- is slow in pH between 7 and 8.5. However, cyanobacteria have developed different transporters in order to uptake inorganic C (Ci) efficiently when high or low levels are available [38, 40]. In addition, it seems that light is a pre ...
Lecture 5 - Fermentation and CHO feeder
... Glycogen is primarily stored in the liver and is used to maintain blood glucose levels between meals But … neither G1P nor G6P can be transported out of liver cells Require separate pathway (below) to convert G6P to glucose for transport ...
... Glycogen is primarily stored in the liver and is used to maintain blood glucose levels between meals But … neither G1P nor G6P can be transported out of liver cells Require separate pathway (below) to convert G6P to glucose for transport ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.