709 Reactive oxygen species in plants: their generation, signal
... H2O2 and O2˙ˉ as well as the ROS targets in plant cells (Jezek and Hlavata, 2005; Navrot et al., 2007). The mitochondrial ETC harbours electrons with sufficient free energy to directly reduce O2 which is considered as a primary source of ROS generation, a necessary accompaniment to aerobic respirati ...
... H2O2 and O2˙ˉ as well as the ROS targets in plant cells (Jezek and Hlavata, 2005; Navrot et al., 2007). The mitochondrial ETC harbours electrons with sufficient free energy to directly reduce O2 which is considered as a primary source of ROS generation, a necessary accompaniment to aerobic respirati ...
BIOCHEMISTRY
... High-energy phosphate compounds. ATP: chemical structure, importance, ATP-ADP cycle. Mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis in nature: oxidative phosphorylation, substrate phosphorylation, photophosphorylation (photosynthesis). ...
... High-energy phosphate compounds. ATP: chemical structure, importance, ATP-ADP cycle. Mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis in nature: oxidative phosphorylation, substrate phosphorylation, photophosphorylation (photosynthesis). ...
THE EFFECT OF HYBRIDIZATION ON METABOLISM AND HYPOXIA TOLERANCE IN SUNFISH
... mitochondrial-encoded subunits of the enzyme complexes of oxidative phosphorylation. In my thesis, I examined metabolic properties and hypoxia tolerance of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), pumpkinseed (L. gibbosus), and their unidirectional F1 hybrids (male bluegill x female pumpkinseed). Electron tr ...
... mitochondrial-encoded subunits of the enzyme complexes of oxidative phosphorylation. In my thesis, I examined metabolic properties and hypoxia tolerance of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), pumpkinseed (L. gibbosus), and their unidirectional F1 hybrids (male bluegill x female pumpkinseed). Electron tr ...
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University
... NADH and FADH2 are formed during the oxidation of pyruvate, fatty acids, and amino acids. These fuels are transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix, where they are used as carbon sources for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Electrons are donated by CI and CII to ubiquinone or coe ...
... NADH and FADH2 are formed during the oxidation of pyruvate, fatty acids, and amino acids. These fuels are transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix, where they are used as carbon sources for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Electrons are donated by CI and CII to ubiquinone or coe ...
Journal of Biological Chemistry
... as a prototype for the divalent soft metal transporting ATPases. Previously, we showed that ZntA confers resistance to Pb(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) in E. coli by ATP-dependent efflux of these metal ions (12, 13). In this study, we report the purification of ZntA and the characterization of its soft me ...
... as a prototype for the divalent soft metal transporting ATPases. Previously, we showed that ZntA confers resistance to Pb(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) in E. coli by ATP-dependent efflux of these metal ions (12, 13). In this study, we report the purification of ZntA and the characterization of its soft me ...
The pool of ADP and ATP regulates anaerobic
... lactis 65.1 because of the presence of oligopeptides. Maltose or glucose was added to the SD3 medium at a level of 10 g/liter unless indicated otherwise. Maltose, glucose, and MgSO4 䡠 7H2O were autoclaved separately. Solutions of nucleic acid bases, trace elements, and vitamins were filter sterilize ...
... lactis 65.1 because of the presence of oligopeptides. Maltose or glucose was added to the SD3 medium at a level of 10 g/liter unless indicated otherwise. Maltose, glucose, and MgSO4 䡠 7H2O were autoclaved separately. Solutions of nucleic acid bases, trace elements, and vitamins were filter sterilize ...
The Importance of Cardiolipin Synthase for Mitochondrial
... thaliana (Katayama et al., 2004), and mammals (Nowicki et al., 2005). In yeast, cls1 disrupted (crd1) mutants are viable, although they display reduced oxidative phosphorylation activities and mitochondrial membrane potential (Jiang et al., 1997; Zhong et al., 2004). CLs have been shown to bind with ...
... thaliana (Katayama et al., 2004), and mammals (Nowicki et al., 2005). In yeast, cls1 disrupted (crd1) mutants are viable, although they display reduced oxidative phosphorylation activities and mitochondrial membrane potential (Jiang et al., 1997; Zhong et al., 2004). CLs have been shown to bind with ...
Fyzikální a analytická chemie - Institute of Medical Biochemistry and
... triphenylphosphine ligand before entering the true catalytic cycle. Precatalysts are easier to store but are easily activated in situ. Because of this preactivation step, many catalytic reactions involve an induction period. ...
... triphenylphosphine ligand before entering the true catalytic cycle. Precatalysts are easier to store but are easily activated in situ. Because of this preactivation step, many catalytic reactions involve an induction period. ...
Boundless Study Slides
... • allosteric a compound that binds to an inactive site, affecting the activity of an enzyme by changing the conformation of the protein (can activate or deactivate) ...
... • allosteric a compound that binds to an inactive site, affecting the activity of an enzyme by changing the conformation of the protein (can activate or deactivate) ...
Discovering the role of mitochondria in the iron deficiency
... disease (Galaris and Pantopoulos, 2008; Kell, 2009). Notably, the bioavailability of oxidised Fe3+ is poor due to the limited solubility of its compounds. Thus, the acquisition, usage and detoxification of Fe poses a considerable challenge for cells and organisms, which have evolved sophisticated mec ...
... disease (Galaris and Pantopoulos, 2008; Kell, 2009). Notably, the bioavailability of oxidised Fe3+ is poor due to the limited solubility of its compounds. Thus, the acquisition, usage and detoxification of Fe poses a considerable challenge for cells and organisms, which have evolved sophisticated mec ...
Marine Biotechnology
... The effect of pH on proteases was evaluated using universal buffer at pH 5 to 11 at 25°C (Stauffer, 1989); 100 mM glycine-HCl buffer was used for pH 2 to 4 at 25°C for acid proteases. Enzyme activity was evaluated from 10° to 70°C in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.0. The effect of pH and temperature ...
... The effect of pH on proteases was evaluated using universal buffer at pH 5 to 11 at 25°C (Stauffer, 1989); 100 mM glycine-HCl buffer was used for pH 2 to 4 at 25°C for acid proteases. Enzyme activity was evaluated from 10° to 70°C in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.0. The effect of pH and temperature ...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase ATPase domain structures
... phosphoenolpyruvate, 2 units of pyruvate kinase and 2 units of lactate dehydrogenase,various amounts of ATP and M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase [an equimolar mixture of GyrA and GyrB subunits in 50 mM Tris/HCl (pH 8) and 50 mM NaCl]. Reactions were performed in the absence or presence of DNA (relaxed pBR ...
... phosphoenolpyruvate, 2 units of pyruvate kinase and 2 units of lactate dehydrogenase,various amounts of ATP and M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase [an equimolar mixture of GyrA and GyrB subunits in 50 mM Tris/HCl (pH 8) and 50 mM NaCl]. Reactions were performed in the absence or presence of DNA (relaxed pBR ...
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY AND FRUCTOSE METABOLISM
... synthetic reactions, e.g. fatty acid synthesis and reduction of glutathione • Provide pentose phosphate for nucleic acid synthesis ...
... synthetic reactions, e.g. fatty acid synthesis and reduction of glutathione • Provide pentose phosphate for nucleic acid synthesis ...
Document
... d- Isoenzymes 23- --------------- play an essential role in body metabolism , a deficiency or excess may lead to serious derangement of body function a – Enzymes b – Vitamins c – Hormones d – Isoenzymes 24- In Jaundice caused by increased destruction of RBCs, there will be more -------------------in ...
... d- Isoenzymes 23- --------------- play an essential role in body metabolism , a deficiency or excess may lead to serious derangement of body function a – Enzymes b – Vitamins c – Hormones d – Isoenzymes 24- In Jaundice caused by increased destruction of RBCs, there will be more -------------------in ...
PDF on arxiv.org - at www.arxiv.org.
... as to what a bond actually is. Therefore, a variety of bonding models have been developed, each defining the structure of molecules in a different manner with the goal of explaining and predicting chemical properties. While many twentieth century bonding models provide useful information for a varie ...
... as to what a bond actually is. Therefore, a variety of bonding models have been developed, each defining the structure of molecules in a different manner with the goal of explaining and predicting chemical properties. While many twentieth century bonding models provide useful information for a varie ...
Structure, prediction, evolution and genome wide studies of membrane proteins
... waiting patiently for at least 10 billion years for this to happen and ever since that day, nothing has been quite the same. The cells replicated and replicated and finally a group of cells wrote this thesis. In order to have a functional, living cell some of the basic things that are needed are: • ...
... waiting patiently for at least 10 billion years for this to happen and ever since that day, nothing has been quite the same. The cells replicated and replicated and finally a group of cells wrote this thesis. In order to have a functional, living cell some of the basic things that are needed are: • ...
Coordination Chemistry: Bonding
... NPTEL – Chemistry and Biochemistry – Coordination Chemistry (Chemistry of transition elements) ...
... NPTEL – Chemistry and Biochemistry – Coordination Chemistry (Chemistry of transition elements) ...
Membrane Penetration of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Is Necessary
... crucial role in maintaining cellular arachidonic acid levels (14). cPLA2 is therefore an attractive target for developing specific inhibitors that can be used as a novel antiinflammatory drugs. cPLA2 binds to membranes in the presence of micromolar Ca2+ via its C2 domain which contains calcium and m ...
... crucial role in maintaining cellular arachidonic acid levels (14). cPLA2 is therefore an attractive target for developing specific inhibitors that can be used as a novel antiinflammatory drugs. cPLA2 binds to membranes in the presence of micromolar Ca2+ via its C2 domain which contains calcium and m ...
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
... Combination of the crystal structure and transport and binding assays of the vcINDY presented here, along with previous biochemical characterization of its bacterial, fly and, in particular, mammalian homologs 1-4, suggest a transport mechanism for the Na+-dependent dicarboxylate transporter from Vi ...
... Combination of the crystal structure and transport and binding assays of the vcINDY presented here, along with previous biochemical characterization of its bacterial, fly and, in particular, mammalian homologs 1-4, suggest a transport mechanism for the Na+-dependent dicarboxylate transporter from Vi ...
Transamination and asymmetry in glutamate transport across the
... Alanine washout from the vascularly preloaded epithelium (mean Kexit [fast, unstripped] = 0.181 + 0.051 min -t) is similar to exit from t h e e p i t h e l i u m a f t e r loading from the lumen (mean Kexit [fas% unstripped] = 0.150 + 0.008 min-t). However~ glutamate washout from t h e v a s c u l a ...
... Alanine washout from the vascularly preloaded epithelium (mean Kexit [fast, unstripped] = 0.181 + 0.051 min -t) is similar to exit from t h e e p i t h e l i u m a f t e r loading from the lumen (mean Kexit [fas% unstripped] = 0.150 + 0.008 min-t). However~ glutamate washout from t h e v a s c u l a ...
Patrick Tb Ch04
... c. Substrates fit into active sites and bind to functional groups within the active site. d. An active site contains amino acids which are important to the binding process and the catalytic mechanism. Type: multiple choice question Title: Chapter 04- Question 22 22) Which statement best describes th ...
... c. Substrates fit into active sites and bind to functional groups within the active site. d. An active site contains amino acids which are important to the binding process and the catalytic mechanism. Type: multiple choice question Title: Chapter 04- Question 22 22) Which statement best describes th ...
PFK - ePrints USM
... proportion of our planet is cold. Two-third of sea water covering more than 70% of planet earth is cold deep sea water with temperature around 2 oC and more than 90% of freshwater is in polar ice-sheets and mountain glaciers (Kohshima, 2000). Psychrophiles are extremophilic organisms that are capabl ...
... proportion of our planet is cold. Two-third of sea water covering more than 70% of planet earth is cold deep sea water with temperature around 2 oC and more than 90% of freshwater is in polar ice-sheets and mountain glaciers (Kohshima, 2000). Psychrophiles are extremophilic organisms that are capabl ...
Document
... group is MORE positive than it was in the C-O-H group By increasing the number of highly electronegative O, more electrons were drawn away from that C, making it more positive. ...
... group is MORE positive than it was in the C-O-H group By increasing the number of highly electronegative O, more electrons were drawn away from that C, making it more positive. ...
Nonredox Nickel Enzymes - American Chemical Society
... biological essentiality of this metal as an enzyme cofactor.20 Since then, significant steps toward a complete understanding of the chemistry and biochemistry of nickel in the urease system have been achieved.21 Urea is produced in large amounts by vertebrates as the catabolic product of nitrogen-con ...
... biological essentiality of this metal as an enzyme cofactor.20 Since then, significant steps toward a complete understanding of the chemistry and biochemistry of nickel in the urease system have been achieved.21 Urea is produced in large amounts by vertebrates as the catabolic product of nitrogen-con ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.