LABORATORY MANUAL ON BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
... organ, tissues and in a whole body – is necessary to medical students for understanding of metabolic processes and turnover of substances in tissues, energy production, anabolic and catabolic reactions, transfer of genetic information, processes providing elementary physiological functions as well f ...
... organ, tissues and in a whole body – is necessary to medical students for understanding of metabolic processes and turnover of substances in tissues, energy production, anabolic and catabolic reactions, transfer of genetic information, processes providing elementary physiological functions as well f ...
18. enzymes iii
... ∆G°′ for the reaction is negative and the equilibrium favours P. This equilibrium is not affected by any catalyst. A favourable equilibrium, however, does not mean that S → P conversion is fast. The rate of a reaction, in fact, depends on an entirely different parameter. There exists an energetic ba ...
... ∆G°′ for the reaction is negative and the equilibrium favours P. This equilibrium is not affected by any catalyst. A favourable equilibrium, however, does not mean that S → P conversion is fast. The rate of a reaction, in fact, depends on an entirely different parameter. There exists an energetic ba ...
Translation tRNA is a link between the mRNA and the polypeptide
... Simplified version of the scanning model for translation initiation The 40S ribosomal subunit, alongside with factors, tRNAi Met and GTP recognize the m7G cap at the 5’-end of an mRNA and allow the ribosomal subunit to bind at the end of the mRNA. The 40S subunit is scanning the mRNA toward the 3’-e ...
... Simplified version of the scanning model for translation initiation The 40S ribosomal subunit, alongside with factors, tRNAi Met and GTP recognize the m7G cap at the 5’-end of an mRNA and allow the ribosomal subunit to bind at the end of the mRNA. The 40S subunit is scanning the mRNA toward the 3’-e ...
H. Heldt
... The cytochrome-b6/f complex mediates electron transport between photosystem II and photosystem I 92 Iron atoms in cytochromes and in iron-sulfur centers have a central function as redox carriers 92 The electron transport by the cytochrome-b6/f complex is coupled to a proton transport 95 The number o ...
... The cytochrome-b6/f complex mediates electron transport between photosystem II and photosystem I 92 Iron atoms in cytochromes and in iron-sulfur centers have a central function as redox carriers 92 The electron transport by the cytochrome-b6/f complex is coupled to a proton transport 95 The number o ...
Enzyme Mechanisms - Illinois Institute of Technology
... Enzyme usually works on esters too Found in eukaryotic digestive enzymes and in bacterial systems Widely-varying substrate specificities ...
... Enzyme usually works on esters too Found in eukaryotic digestive enzymes and in bacterial systems Widely-varying substrate specificities ...
subunits of succinyl CoA ligase of tomato
... other for GDP and that the latter catalyses the synthesis of succinyl CoA during ketone body formation (Ryan et al., 1997). Recent evidence suggests that the b-subunit is important for conferring nucleotide specificity to the mammalian SCoAL, with relative transcript and polypeptide levels of the GDP ...
... other for GDP and that the latter catalyses the synthesis of succinyl CoA during ketone body formation (Ryan et al., 1997). Recent evidence suggests that the b-subunit is important for conferring nucleotide specificity to the mammalian SCoAL, with relative transcript and polypeptide levels of the GDP ...
Effect of Alanine-293 Replacement on the Activity, ATP Binding, and
... A293F. 293A is only involved in the binding of ATP, and all amino acid substitutions above caused stronger binding of ATP. Moreover, the negative charge at this site, induced by mutation A293D, is fatal to the aminoacylation activity while the positive charge (A293R) is helpful to maintain the ...
... A293F. 293A is only involved in the binding of ATP, and all amino acid substitutions above caused stronger binding of ATP. Moreover, the negative charge at this site, induced by mutation A293D, is fatal to the aminoacylation activity while the positive charge (A293R) is helpful to maintain the ...
Nucleotide Metabolism - Oregon State University
... Nucleotidases Remove the Phosphate to Make Nucleosides Phosphorylates or Nucleosidases Release Bases and Sugars Adenine-Containing and Guanine Nucleotide Breakdown Processes are Similar, but Deaminases Convert AMP to IMP and Adenosine to Inosine Inosine is Converted to Hypoxanthine and Ribose-1P by ...
... Nucleotidases Remove the Phosphate to Make Nucleosides Phosphorylates or Nucleosidases Release Bases and Sugars Adenine-Containing and Guanine Nucleotide Breakdown Processes are Similar, but Deaminases Convert AMP to IMP and Adenosine to Inosine Inosine is Converted to Hypoxanthine and Ribose-1P by ...
Structural and Biochemical Characterization of a Bifunctional
... ABSTRACT: Unusual N-acetylated sugars have been observed on the O-antigens of some Gram-negative bacteria and on the S-layers of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. One such sugar is 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-α-D-galactose or Fuc3NAc. The pathway for its production requires five enzymes with ...
... ABSTRACT: Unusual N-acetylated sugars have been observed on the O-antigens of some Gram-negative bacteria and on the S-layers of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. One such sugar is 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-α-D-galactose or Fuc3NAc. The pathway for its production requires five enzymes with ...
File
... uncharged since the glucosidase-catalyzed reaction is not phosphorylytic. This means that theoretically glycogenolysis occurring in skeletal muscle could generate free glucose which could enter the blood stream. However, the activity of hexokinase in muscle is so high that any free glucose is immedi ...
... uncharged since the glucosidase-catalyzed reaction is not phosphorylytic. This means that theoretically glycogenolysis occurring in skeletal muscle could generate free glucose which could enter the blood stream. However, the activity of hexokinase in muscle is so high that any free glucose is immedi ...
porphyrine, heme and..
... Homozygous recessive disorder: occurs in individuals who have two mutant genes coding for synthesis of 1chains (one gene from father and the other from mother). Heterozygous disorder:(sickle cell trait) occurs in individuals having one normal gene and one sickle cell gene. Usually patients with ...
... Homozygous recessive disorder: occurs in individuals who have two mutant genes coding for synthesis of 1chains (one gene from father and the other from mother). Heterozygous disorder:(sickle cell trait) occurs in individuals having one normal gene and one sickle cell gene. Usually patients with ...
Vmax Regulation through Domain and Subunit Changes. The Active
... intermediates for Vmax regulation, for the redox reaction, and for cooperative effects of serine binding. The crystal structure at 2.2 Å resolution contains bound NAD+ cofactor, either sulfate or phosphate anions, and R-ketoglutarate, a nonphysiological substrate. A PGDH subunit is formed from three ...
... intermediates for Vmax regulation, for the redox reaction, and for cooperative effects of serine binding. The crystal structure at 2.2 Å resolution contains bound NAD+ cofactor, either sulfate or phosphate anions, and R-ketoglutarate, a nonphysiological substrate. A PGDH subunit is formed from three ...
Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, and the Pentose
... drawn out of the TCA cycle to slow the pathway. The oxaloacetate is converted to malate by the action of the mitochondrial isoenzyme of Malate Dehydrogenase, the TCA cycle enzyme running in the reverse direction. Malate is transported from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm by a transport protein, an ...
... drawn out of the TCA cycle to slow the pathway. The oxaloacetate is converted to malate by the action of the mitochondrial isoenzyme of Malate Dehydrogenase, the TCA cycle enzyme running in the reverse direction. Malate is transported from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm by a transport protein, an ...
phospholipids
... Cellular membranes are composed of phospholipids and sphingolipids • Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids spontaneously selfassociate in water to form bilayer vesicles (i.e., closed ...
... Cellular membranes are composed of phospholipids and sphingolipids • Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids spontaneously selfassociate in water to form bilayer vesicles (i.e., closed ...
Nucleotide Metabolism
... Nucleotide Catabolism Begins with Nucleases to Release Nucleoside Monophosphates Nucleotidases Remove the Phosphate to Make Nucleosides Phosphorylates or Nucleosidases Release Bases and Sugars Adenine-Containing and Guanine Nucleotide Breakdown Processes are Similar, but Deaminases Co Inosine is Con ...
... Nucleotide Catabolism Begins with Nucleases to Release Nucleoside Monophosphates Nucleotidases Remove the Phosphate to Make Nucleosides Phosphorylates or Nucleosidases Release Bases and Sugars Adenine-Containing and Guanine Nucleotide Breakdown Processes are Similar, but Deaminases Co Inosine is Con ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... motifs TENEP and ITENG, which contain the two glutamic acids (Glu-191 and Glu-406) involved in the general acid/base catalysis and the respective family 1 b-glucosidases nucleophiles (San-Aparicio et al. 1998). A part slot-like active site (Davies and Henrissat 1995) was formed by these residues nec ...
... motifs TENEP and ITENG, which contain the two glutamic acids (Glu-191 and Glu-406) involved in the general acid/base catalysis and the respective family 1 b-glucosidases nucleophiles (San-Aparicio et al. 1998). A part slot-like active site (Davies and Henrissat 1995) was formed by these residues nec ...
Plasma Membrane Depolarization and Disturbed Na Homeostasis
... least in part, for the loss of the mitochondrial ATP production; however, even in isolated nerve terminals, where the rate of this pathway is increased 10-fold in the presence of protonophores, it is insufficient to maintain the normal ATP/ ADP ratio (Kauppinen and Nicholls, 1986). It has been shown ...
... least in part, for the loss of the mitochondrial ATP production; however, even in isolated nerve terminals, where the rate of this pathway is increased 10-fold in the presence of protonophores, it is insufficient to maintain the normal ATP/ ADP ratio (Kauppinen and Nicholls, 1986). It has been shown ...
NST110: Advanced Toxicology Lecture 4: Phase I Metabolism
... Biotransformation The elimination of xenobiotics often depends on their conversion to water-soluble chemicals through biotransformation, catalyzed by multiple enzymes primarily in the liver with contributions from other tissues. Biotransformation changes the properties of a xenobiotic usually from ...
... Biotransformation The elimination of xenobiotics often depends on their conversion to water-soluble chemicals through biotransformation, catalyzed by multiple enzymes primarily in the liver with contributions from other tissues. Biotransformation changes the properties of a xenobiotic usually from ...
Metabolism of Plasma Membrane Lipids in
... exposed to the aqueous environment than those of other glycerophospholipids [19]. Although the physiological function of CL is unclear, its physical properties may indicate that it provides a platform for membrane-protein interactions. Indeed, some mycobacterial enzymes require CL for activity [20-2 ...
... exposed to the aqueous environment than those of other glycerophospholipids [19]. Although the physiological function of CL is unclear, its physical properties may indicate that it provides a platform for membrane-protein interactions. Indeed, some mycobacterial enzymes require CL for activity [20-2 ...
Transport proteins regulate the flux of metabolites and cofactors
... of substrates that are exchanged across the peroxisomal membrane, a wide spectrum of metabolite and cofactor transporters is required and needs to be efficiently coordinated. These peroxisomal transport proteins are a prerequisite for metabolic reactions inside plant peroxisomes. The entire peroxisom ...
... of substrates that are exchanged across the peroxisomal membrane, a wide spectrum of metabolite and cofactor transporters is required and needs to be efficiently coordinated. These peroxisomal transport proteins are a prerequisite for metabolic reactions inside plant peroxisomes. The entire peroxisom ...
The importance of gluconeogenesis as an important
... occurs in the mitochondria, allosterically activated by acetyl CoA. OAA has to be transported from mitochondria to cytosol. (PyruvateOxaloacetate “OAA”) 2- PEPCK: Decarboxylation & phosphorylation reaction, requires energy (GTP), occurs in cytosol, the enzyme’s gene is induced by glucagon & repress ...
... occurs in the mitochondria, allosterically activated by acetyl CoA. OAA has to be transported from mitochondria to cytosol. (PyruvateOxaloacetate “OAA”) 2- PEPCK: Decarboxylation & phosphorylation reaction, requires energy (GTP), occurs in cytosol, the enzyme’s gene is induced by glucagon & repress ...
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach Molecular Interactions 1
... A) the lack of double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms in a fatty acid. B) the presence of double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms in a fatty acid. C) the ring structure of steroids. D) glycerol, which acts as an anchor for joined fatty acids. E) fats, such as butter and lard, which come from ...
... A) the lack of double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms in a fatty acid. B) the presence of double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms in a fatty acid. C) the ring structure of steroids. D) glycerol, which acts as an anchor for joined fatty acids. E) fats, such as butter and lard, which come from ...
Perspective: emerging evidence for signaling roles of mitochondrial
... 2004.—The importance of mitochondrial biosynthesis in stimulus secretion coupling in the insulin-producing -cell probably equals that of ATP production. In glucose-induced insulin secretion, the rate of pyruvate carboxylation is very high and correlates more strongly with the glucose concentration ...
... 2004.—The importance of mitochondrial biosynthesis in stimulus secretion coupling in the insulin-producing -cell probably equals that of ATP production. In glucose-induced insulin secretion, the rate of pyruvate carboxylation is very high and correlates more strongly with the glucose concentration ...
Metabolism IV
... Ring is no longer netpositive Ring is still planar but the two hydrogens on the para carbon are not ...
... Ring is no longer netpositive Ring is still planar but the two hydrogens on the para carbon are not ...
Photo Album
... Figure 3.9 Anaplerotic reactions are required for net synthesis of glutamate, glutamine, and aspartate and for normal synaptic transmission. (A) Net synthesis of TCA cycle-derived amino acids requires the ATP-dependent CO2 fixation reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase to generate oxaloacetate ...
... Figure 3.9 Anaplerotic reactions are required for net synthesis of glutamate, glutamine, and aspartate and for normal synaptic transmission. (A) Net synthesis of TCA cycle-derived amino acids requires the ATP-dependent CO2 fixation reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase to generate oxaloacetate ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.