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... lactate, acetate, CO 2 and H 2 as the products. If elemental sulfur (S°) is also added to the growth medium, the organism reduces it to H2S [1]. T. maritima therefore resembles many of the hyperthermophilic archaea such as species of Pyrococcus and Thermococcus [3]. These organisms also ...
... lactate, acetate, CO 2 and H 2 as the products. If elemental sulfur (S°) is also added to the growth medium, the organism reduces it to H2S [1]. T. maritima therefore resembles many of the hyperthermophilic archaea such as species of Pyrococcus and Thermococcus [3]. These organisms also ...
101
... polyatomic cyanide ion, CN− . The electronegativity of nitrogen (3.04) is greater than the electronegativity of carbon (2.55). Thus, the three shared pairs of electrons are all considered to belong to the nitrogen atom. As a result, the carbon atom is considered to have two valence electrons, which ...
... polyatomic cyanide ion, CN− . The electronegativity of nitrogen (3.04) is greater than the electronegativity of carbon (2.55). Thus, the three shared pairs of electrons are all considered to belong to the nitrogen atom. As a result, the carbon atom is considered to have two valence electrons, which ...
Module E Oxygen Transport and Internal - Macomb
... • Determined by PAO2, / relationships, level of ventilation and the AC membrane. • THINK ABOUT THE CAUSES OF HYPOXEMIA! ...
... • Determined by PAO2, / relationships, level of ventilation and the AC membrane. • THINK ABOUT THE CAUSES OF HYPOXEMIA! ...
Limonene_Synthase-Plant Physiol.-1999-Turner-879-86
... specific labeling, and subcellular fractionation studies indicates that at least the early steps of monoterpene biosynthesis occur in plastids. (4S)-Limonene synthase, which is responsible for the first dedicated step of monoterpene biosynthesis in mint species, appears to be translated as a preprot ...
... specific labeling, and subcellular fractionation studies indicates that at least the early steps of monoterpene biosynthesis occur in plastids. (4S)-Limonene synthase, which is responsible for the first dedicated step of monoterpene biosynthesis in mint species, appears to be translated as a preprot ...
glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway
... by glycolysis is further metabolized via one of three catabolic routes. In aerobic organisms or tissues, under aerobic conditions, glycolysis is only the first stage in the complete degradation of glucose (Fig. 14–3). Pyruvate is oxidized, with loss of its carboxyl group as CO2, to yield the acetyl ...
... by glycolysis is further metabolized via one of three catabolic routes. In aerobic organisms or tissues, under aerobic conditions, glycolysis is only the first stage in the complete degradation of glucose (Fig. 14–3). Pyruvate is oxidized, with loss of its carboxyl group as CO2, to yield the acetyl ...
Energy systems and interplay of energy systems
... fats are primarily used during rest and low-intensity exercise. At rest, fats provide approximately two-thirds of the energy needs of the body, with carbohydrates contributing the remaining one-third. During exercise, the percentage of fats being used as an energy source decreases as the exercise in ...
... fats are primarily used during rest and low-intensity exercise. At rest, fats provide approximately two-thirds of the energy needs of the body, with carbohydrates contributing the remaining one-third. During exercise, the percentage of fats being used as an energy source decreases as the exercise in ...
uncorrected page proofs
... fats are primarily used during rest and low-intensity exercise. At rest, fats provide approximately two-thirds of the energy needs of the body, with carbohydrates contributing the remaining one-third. During exercise, the percentage of fats being used as an energy source decreases as the exercise in ...
... fats are primarily used during rest and low-intensity exercise. At rest, fats provide approximately two-thirds of the energy needs of the body, with carbohydrates contributing the remaining one-third. During exercise, the percentage of fats being used as an energy source decreases as the exercise in ...
Document
... f. Ligases: These are the enzymes catalysing the linking together of two compounds. 2. Describe the secondary structure of DNA. Ans. Secondary structure of DNA is explained by Watson and Crick. According to Watson and Crick model DNA exists as a double helix. Two strands of polynucleotides are antip ...
... f. Ligases: These are the enzymes catalysing the linking together of two compounds. 2. Describe the secondary structure of DNA. Ans. Secondary structure of DNA is explained by Watson and Crick. According to Watson and Crick model DNA exists as a double helix. Two strands of polynucleotides are antip ...
THE SARCOTUBULAR SYSTEM OF FROG
... sometimes also the sartorius muscle were immediately prepared for electron microscopy. The other muscles from the legs were excised, dropped into a chilled solution of 0.25 u sucrose, and weighed. The muscles were then blotted with filter paper, very finely cut with scissors, and transferred to chil ...
... sometimes also the sartorius muscle were immediately prepared for electron microscopy. The other muscles from the legs were excised, dropped into a chilled solution of 0.25 u sucrose, and weighed. The muscles were then blotted with filter paper, very finely cut with scissors, and transferred to chil ...
Terpene Biosynthesis
... deacylation of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (MVA) 3 via mevaldate 2 and employs two equivalents of NADPH as reductant Scheme 1. This enzyme activity provides an important control mechanism for the flow of metabolites into mevalonate and, especially, into steroid biosynthesis and its study continues to stimu ...
... deacylation of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (MVA) 3 via mevaldate 2 and employs two equivalents of NADPH as reductant Scheme 1. This enzyme activity provides an important control mechanism for the flow of metabolites into mevalonate and, especially, into steroid biosynthesis and its study continues to stimu ...
PPT - Portland State University
... visual function. We examined rhodopsin, transducin (Gt) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) function and acyl chain packing in large unilamellar proteoliposomes consisting of phosphatidylcholines with sn-1 = 18:0, and sn-2 = 22:6n-3, 22:5n-6 or 22:5n-3. Rhodopsin activation and binding to Gt was assayed wit ...
... visual function. We examined rhodopsin, transducin (Gt) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) function and acyl chain packing in large unilamellar proteoliposomes consisting of phosphatidylcholines with sn-1 = 18:0, and sn-2 = 22:6n-3, 22:5n-6 or 22:5n-3. Rhodopsin activation and binding to Gt was assayed wit ...
Substrate specificity of protein kinase A in reaction with
... Despite the large amount of sequence data for protein kinases, only a small fraction of these enzymes has been characterized on protein level and substrate specificity has been investigated for even a fewer number. Therefore investigation into specificity of several “model” enzymes has been very imp ...
... Despite the large amount of sequence data for protein kinases, only a small fraction of these enzymes has been characterized on protein level and substrate specificity has been investigated for even a fewer number. Therefore investigation into specificity of several “model” enzymes has been very imp ...
FATTY ACID METABOLISM
... oxaloacetate in animals. • Oxaloacetate is regenerated, but it is not formed de novo when the acetyl unit of acetyl CoA is oxidized by the citric acid cycle. • In contrast, plants have two additional enzymes enabling them to convert the carbon atoms of acetyl CoA into oxaloacetate. ...
... oxaloacetate in animals. • Oxaloacetate is regenerated, but it is not formed de novo when the acetyl unit of acetyl CoA is oxidized by the citric acid cycle. • In contrast, plants have two additional enzymes enabling them to convert the carbon atoms of acetyl CoA into oxaloacetate. ...
Aromatic amino acid metabolism
... Chorismate requires an amino group from the side chain of glutamine and releases pyruvate to form anthranilate. Anthranilate then undergoes condensation with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP), an activated form of ribose phosphate. The C-1 atom of ribose 5-phosphate becomes bonded to the nit ...
... Chorismate requires an amino group from the side chain of glutamine and releases pyruvate to form anthranilate. Anthranilate then undergoes condensation with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP), an activated form of ribose phosphate. The C-1 atom of ribose 5-phosphate becomes bonded to the nit ...
NAD Malic Enzyme and the Control of
... respiratory flux to continue at wild-type rates despite the reduction in NADME. There was also a statistically significant negative correlation between NADME activity and tuber starch content, with tubers containing reduced NADME having an increased starch content. The effect on plastid metabolism m ...
... respiratory flux to continue at wild-type rates despite the reduction in NADME. There was also a statistically significant negative correlation between NADME activity and tuber starch content, with tubers containing reduced NADME having an increased starch content. The effect on plastid metabolism m ...
medical chemistry and biochemistry
... 1. Describe the overall purpose of gluconeogenesis, its reactants and products, its cellular localization, and its tissue distribution. 2. Differentiate the enzymes involved in glycolysis vs gluconeogenesis. 3. Explain the contribution of gluconeogenesis to blood glucose regulation. 4. Describe the ...
... 1. Describe the overall purpose of gluconeogenesis, its reactants and products, its cellular localization, and its tissue distribution. 2. Differentiate the enzymes involved in glycolysis vs gluconeogenesis. 3. Explain the contribution of gluconeogenesis to blood glucose regulation. 4. Describe the ...
Alpha and beta subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1
... are thought to be anaerobic and to lack evidence of electron transport chains and oxidative phosphorylation [3]. Although a variety of enzyme activities have been characterised, little is known about exactly how central metabolism occurs except that it is likely simplified and reduced [3]. It is als ...
... are thought to be anaerobic and to lack evidence of electron transport chains and oxidative phosphorylation [3]. Although a variety of enzyme activities have been characterised, little is known about exactly how central metabolism occurs except that it is likely simplified and reduced [3]. It is als ...
Physiological and Chemical Properties of a
... Harvested bacteria from batch or continuous cultures were washed with 20 mM-N-tris (hydroxymethyl)methy1-2-aminoethanesulphonicacid (tes)-KOH buffer, pH 6.5, to remove H,S and phosphate, and dripped into liquid nitrogen as a thick slurry. The frozen material was then stored under liquid nitrogen unt ...
... Harvested bacteria from batch or continuous cultures were washed with 20 mM-N-tris (hydroxymethyl)methy1-2-aminoethanesulphonicacid (tes)-KOH buffer, pH 6.5, to remove H,S and phosphate, and dripped into liquid nitrogen as a thick slurry. The frozen material was then stored under liquid nitrogen unt ...
Agonism with the omega-3 fatty acids α-linolenic acid
... The newly discovered G protein-coupled receptor GPR120 has recently been shown to stimulate secretion of the gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and cholecystokinin upon binding of free fatty acids, thrusting it to the forefront of drug discovery efforts for treatment of type 2 diabetes as well as ...
... The newly discovered G protein-coupled receptor GPR120 has recently been shown to stimulate secretion of the gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and cholecystokinin upon binding of free fatty acids, thrusting it to the forefront of drug discovery efforts for treatment of type 2 diabetes as well as ...
Nucleotide Sequence of fruA, the Gene Specifying Enzyme IIfru of
... instructions. Sequenase was obtained from Cambridge Bioscience. Enzyme I was the generous gift of Professor E. B. Waygood (University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada). Construction of episomal gene library. F32-episomal DNA (McFall, 1967)was purified by the method described by Dardel et al. (1984 ...
... instructions. Sequenase was obtained from Cambridge Bioscience. Enzyme I was the generous gift of Professor E. B. Waygood (University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada). Construction of episomal gene library. F32-episomal DNA (McFall, 1967)was purified by the method described by Dardel et al. (1984 ...
PDH02 - OSU Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
... from octanoic acid via an enzymatic S-insertion. Additional details have been learned about lipoic acid synthesis. The question of why mitochondria synthesize fatty acids has been answered: the synthesis of lipoic acid. Wada, Shintani, and Ohlrogge (17) established that pea mitochondria can acyl car ...
... from octanoic acid via an enzymatic S-insertion. Additional details have been learned about lipoic acid synthesis. The question of why mitochondria synthesize fatty acids has been answered: the synthesis of lipoic acid. Wada, Shintani, and Ohlrogge (17) established that pea mitochondria can acyl car ...
FREE Sample Here
... A) Energy is the capacity to do work. B) The energy stored in body fat is potential energy. C) The energy transferred to a ball by a swinging foot is kinetic energy. D) Chemical energy is a form of kinetic energy. E) Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. Ans ...
... A) Energy is the capacity to do work. B) The energy stored in body fat is potential energy. C) The energy transferred to a ball by a swinging foot is kinetic energy. D) Chemical energy is a form of kinetic energy. E) Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. Ans ...
Bio-Organic Mechanism Game – Simplistic biochemical structures
... mechanisms! They are designed to show the essential how changes might occur in complex biochemical reactions. Also, at physiological pH (7) a few organic groups are ionized (RCO2H is anionic as RCO2--, and RNH2 is cationic as RNH3+). They are drawn in their neutral forms in this game. The initial e ...
... mechanisms! They are designed to show the essential how changes might occur in complex biochemical reactions. Also, at physiological pH (7) a few organic groups are ionized (RCO2H is anionic as RCO2--, and RNH2 is cationic as RNH3+). They are drawn in their neutral forms in this game. The initial e ...
The Terminal Enzymes of Sialic Acid Metabolism: Acylneuraminate
... synthesis and polymerization, e.g., several Escherichia coli strains (Vimr and Troy, 1985a, b). In these organisms, lyases are important for the regulation of the intracellular sialic acid concentration. Vimr and Troy (1985a) showed that in special mutants lacking acylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase acti ...
... synthesis and polymerization, e.g., several Escherichia coli strains (Vimr and Troy, 1985a, b). In these organisms, lyases are important for the regulation of the intracellular sialic acid concentration. Vimr and Troy (1985a) showed that in special mutants lacking acylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase acti ...
A complete shikimate pathway in Toxoplasma gondii: an ancient
... entire polypeptide spans 3332 amino acids. (C) The five central shikimate pathway enzymes are fused in fungi (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae), are monofunctional in plants (e.g. Lycopersicuon escultentum), with the exception of dehydroquinase and shikimate dehydrogenase which are fused to form a bifu ...
... entire polypeptide spans 3332 amino acids. (C) The five central shikimate pathway enzymes are fused in fungi (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae), are monofunctional in plants (e.g. Lycopersicuon escultentum), with the exception of dehydroquinase and shikimate dehydrogenase which are fused to form a bifu ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.