acetyl CoA - LSU School of Medicine
... II. FAT MOBILIZATION A) fat - major energy store (9 kcal/g when metabolized to CO2 and H20) B) Hormone sensitive lipase - releases fatty acids (#1 and/or #3) from TAG (Fig. 16.15) 1) stimulation - epinephrine and glucagon through the elevation of cyclic AMP 2) inhibition - high insulin and glucose; ...
... II. FAT MOBILIZATION A) fat - major energy store (9 kcal/g when metabolized to CO2 and H20) B) Hormone sensitive lipase - releases fatty acids (#1 and/or #3) from TAG (Fig. 16.15) 1) stimulation - epinephrine and glucagon through the elevation of cyclic AMP 2) inhibition - high insulin and glucose; ...
Metabolism of lactate and sugars by dairy propionibacteria: A
... ail the se applications, their metabolic activities play a critical role. A complete understanding of propionate fermentation and of the metabolic routes used is therefore necessary. Dairy propionibacteria have a complex metabolism and involves several cycles. Lactate or sugars utilisation yields py ...
... ail the se applications, their metabolic activities play a critical role. A complete understanding of propionate fermentation and of the metabolic routes used is therefore necessary. Dairy propionibacteria have a complex metabolism and involves several cycles. Lactate or sugars utilisation yields py ...
ester formation in brewery fermentations
... donor34. As a result of the need for activation, ester synthesis is an energy requiring process. ...
... donor34. As a result of the need for activation, ester synthesis is an energy requiring process. ...
This article is dedicated to Professor AL
... Destructive, degradative and adaptive rearrangements take place in mitochondria membranes in plant organs after transfer from aerobic to anaerobic environments (Figs 1B and C and 2A±D). Mitochondria of aerobic cells (Fig. 1A) are round or oval, contain several cristae and have a dense matrix. After ...
... Destructive, degradative and adaptive rearrangements take place in mitochondria membranes in plant organs after transfer from aerobic to anaerobic environments (Figs 1B and C and 2A±D). Mitochondria of aerobic cells (Fig. 1A) are round or oval, contain several cristae and have a dense matrix. After ...
EFFECTS OF ACUTE ETHIONINE-INDUCED
... events related to a decreased ATP level in the liver exert a powerful regulatory influence on the metabolism. Key words: liver ATP, glucagon, liver glycogen, hepatic receptors, liver inorganic phosphates ...
... events related to a decreased ATP level in the liver exert a powerful regulatory influence on the metabolism. Key words: liver ATP, glucagon, liver glycogen, hepatic receptors, liver inorganic phosphates ...
1. Fatty acids may be synthesized from dietary glucose via pyruvate
... in which excess fuel is stored in adipose tissue. 3. The major site of fatty acid synthesis is the liver. 4. The enzymes that synthesize fatty acids are localized in the cytosol, and they are completely different from the mitochondrial enzymes that catalyze fatty acid degradation. 5. The major synth ...
... in which excess fuel is stored in adipose tissue. 3. The major site of fatty acid synthesis is the liver. 4. The enzymes that synthesize fatty acids are localized in the cytosol, and they are completely different from the mitochondrial enzymes that catalyze fatty acid degradation. 5. The major synth ...
Cyclooxygenase mechanisms Lawrence J Marnett
... Activation is completely inhibited by addition of high concentrations of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione, which reduces fatty acid hydroperoxides [33–35]. Once the Tyr385 radical is generated, each enzyme molecule catalyzes several hundred cycles of arachidonic acid oxygenation. Although the ...
... Activation is completely inhibited by addition of high concentrations of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione, which reduces fatty acid hydroperoxides [33–35]. Once the Tyr385 radical is generated, each enzyme molecule catalyzes several hundred cycles of arachidonic acid oxygenation. Although the ...
Aromatic Amino Acids-Guanidinium Complexes through
... has been made by Dougherty and co-workers who showed, for example, that even in water phenyl hosts bind to cationic guests stronger than to neutral or charged molecules [2]. Moreover, they carried out a protein database assessment showing that cation-stabilization is fundamental in protein structure ...
... has been made by Dougherty and co-workers who showed, for example, that even in water phenyl hosts bind to cationic guests stronger than to neutral or charged molecules [2]. Moreover, they carried out a protein database assessment showing that cation-stabilization is fundamental in protein structure ...
Aromatic Amino Acids-Guanidinium Complexes through
... has been made by Dougherty and co-workers who showed, for example, that even in water phenyl hosts bind to cationic guests stronger than to neutral or charged molecules [2]. Moreover, they carried out a protein database assessment showing that cation-stabilization is fundamental in protein structure ...
... has been made by Dougherty and co-workers who showed, for example, that even in water phenyl hosts bind to cationic guests stronger than to neutral or charged molecules [2]. Moreover, they carried out a protein database assessment showing that cation-stabilization is fundamental in protein structure ...
- BioMed Central
... i.e. the regulation of the SOS pathway. In a recent study, a large compendium of gene expression microarray data for E. coli was analysed using an information theoretical approach revealing new regulatory interactions [9]. When analysing a metabolic network, every enzyme can be represented by its co ...
... i.e. the regulation of the SOS pathway. In a recent study, a large compendium of gene expression microarray data for E. coli was analysed using an information theoretical approach revealing new regulatory interactions [9]. When analysing a metabolic network, every enzyme can be represented by its co ...
Annotation guidelines - Systems Biology and Bioinformatics
... GP means gene and protein that reside within organism. This also includes: Gene: genetic sequences reside on DNA that code for mRNA or protein. Protein: A long chain amino acid. Enzyme: Subset of protein that has catalytic function. mRNA: Polypeptide of ribonucleotides. We only restrict to find mRNA ...
... GP means gene and protein that reside within organism. This also includes: Gene: genetic sequences reside on DNA that code for mRNA or protein. Protein: A long chain amino acid. Enzyme: Subset of protein that has catalytic function. mRNA: Polypeptide of ribonucleotides. We only restrict to find mRNA ...
A1135 Beta-galactosidase as a PA SD1 Risk assess
... of human infections and pathogenicity is rare and tends to be limited to immunecompromised individuals (Haydushka et al, 2012; Logan, 2012; EPA, 1997). Industrial strains of B. licheniformis are widely used to produce food-grade enzymes. FSANZ has previously assessed the safety of B. licheniformis a ...
... of human infections and pathogenicity is rare and tends to be limited to immunecompromised individuals (Haydushka et al, 2012; Logan, 2012; EPA, 1997). Industrial strains of B. licheniformis are widely used to produce food-grade enzymes. FSANZ has previously assessed the safety of B. licheniformis a ...
Autism One
... • Increased excretion of 8-isoprostane-F2 alpha in the urine (Ming et al. 2005). • Increased NO levels in RBCs (Sogut et al. 2005). • Increased plasma levels of nitrites/nitrates (Sweeten et al. 2004). • Elevated cerebellar 3-nitrotyrosine levels (Sajdel-Sulkowska et al. 2008). • Increased density o ...
... • Increased excretion of 8-isoprostane-F2 alpha in the urine (Ming et al. 2005). • Increased NO levels in RBCs (Sogut et al. 2005). • Increased plasma levels of nitrites/nitrates (Sweeten et al. 2004). • Elevated cerebellar 3-nitrotyrosine levels (Sajdel-Sulkowska et al. 2008). • Increased density o ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
... acetyl ACP is transferred to a sulfhydryl residue of ketoacyl-ACP synthase also known as acyl-malonyl ACP condensing enzyme. The decarboxylation of malonyl ACP generates an enolate anion which is a good nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl of thioester of acetyl-S-KSase to form acetoacetyl ACP. The ...
... acetyl ACP is transferred to a sulfhydryl residue of ketoacyl-ACP synthase also known as acyl-malonyl ACP condensing enzyme. The decarboxylation of malonyl ACP generates an enolate anion which is a good nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl of thioester of acetyl-S-KSase to form acetoacetyl ACP. The ...
Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on
... probably due to higher unsaturation, but there was no effect of dietary 18:2 on this pattern. Despite the dietary effects on mitochondrial metabolism, all animals hibernated with no differences in bout durations, body temperatures or whole-animal metabolic rates among the diet groups. The reduced mi ...
... probably due to higher unsaturation, but there was no effect of dietary 18:2 on this pattern. Despite the dietary effects on mitochondrial metabolism, all animals hibernated with no differences in bout durations, body temperatures or whole-animal metabolic rates among the diet groups. The reduced mi ...
Peer-reviewed Article PDF
... The citric acid or the Krebs cycle, [1] comprises a series of chemical reactions utilized by all aerobic organisms to generate its energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins [2]. The final outcome of the cycle releases carbon dioxide and chemical energy in ...
... The citric acid or the Krebs cycle, [1] comprises a series of chemical reactions utilized by all aerobic organisms to generate its energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins [2]. The final outcome of the cycle releases carbon dioxide and chemical energy in ...
Succinyl-CoA Synthetase Activity Colorimetric Assay Kit
... Succinyl-CoA Synthetase (SCS, also called Succinyl-CoA ligase, Succinate Thiokinase) (EC 6.2.1.5) is a critical enzyme in the citric acid cycle and an important metabolic intermediate for porphyrin, heme and ketone body biosynthesis. It is located in the mitochondrial matrix and is a heterodimer com ...
... Succinyl-CoA Synthetase (SCS, also called Succinyl-CoA ligase, Succinate Thiokinase) (EC 6.2.1.5) is a critical enzyme in the citric acid cycle and an important metabolic intermediate for porphyrin, heme and ketone body biosynthesis. It is located in the mitochondrial matrix and is a heterodimer com ...
L02_2002
... GLUCAGON — a 29 amino acid-long polypeptide hormone that is secreted from the pancreas into the bloodstream (liver cells have glucagon receptors). In MUSCLES (and various other tissues): Is controlled by the adrenal hormones EPINEPHRINE (adrenalin) and NOREPINEPHRINE (noradrenalin). ...
... GLUCAGON — a 29 amino acid-long polypeptide hormone that is secreted from the pancreas into the bloodstream (liver cells have glucagon receptors). In MUSCLES (and various other tissues): Is controlled by the adrenal hormones EPINEPHRINE (adrenalin) and NOREPINEPHRINE (noradrenalin). ...
www.peerteaching.com
... • some ATP can be made in the cytoplasm through a process called substrate-level phosphorylation • With this type of phosphorylation you have an adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which is a unit of adenosine attached to two (di) phosphate groups ...
... • some ATP can be made in the cytoplasm through a process called substrate-level phosphorylation • With this type of phosphorylation you have an adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which is a unit of adenosine attached to two (di) phosphate groups ...
Cytochrome P450-enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of mono
... because of the low sequence identity with other flavonoid 30 -hydroxylases (35–37 % identity on amino acid level), but also because of the different locations of the biosynthesis of flavonoids and monoterpenoids in planta (Kaltenbach et al. 1999; Oudin et al. 2007). Since the conversion of geraniol ...
... because of the low sequence identity with other flavonoid 30 -hydroxylases (35–37 % identity on amino acid level), but also because of the different locations of the biosynthesis of flavonoids and monoterpenoids in planta (Kaltenbach et al. 1999; Oudin et al. 2007). Since the conversion of geraniol ...
Muscle enzyme activities in a deep-sea squaloid shark
... (pH 8.0), 0.1 mM DTNB and 0.3 mM acetyl CoA. The reaction was initiated with 0.5 mM oxaloacetate. Malate dehydrogenase (E.C 1.1.1.37). 50 mM imidazole (pH 7.4) and 0.2 mM NADH. The reaction was initiated with 1.0 mM oxaloacetate. Alanine aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.2). 50 mM imidazole (pH 7.4), 200 ...
... (pH 8.0), 0.1 mM DTNB and 0.3 mM acetyl CoA. The reaction was initiated with 0.5 mM oxaloacetate. Malate dehydrogenase (E.C 1.1.1.37). 50 mM imidazole (pH 7.4) and 0.2 mM NADH. The reaction was initiated with 1.0 mM oxaloacetate. Alanine aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.2). 50 mM imidazole (pH 7.4), 200 ...
Purification and Characterization of
... centrifugation at 1,110g for 10 min. The cells were resuspended to a final concentration of 5 3 107 cells mL21 in 50 mm Hepes buffer (pH 7.8) that contained 10 mm MgCl2, 0.1% b-mercaptoethanol, and 1 mm PMSF as a protease inhibitor. This mixture was stored at 270°C for later use. An atmosphere of N2 ...
... centrifugation at 1,110g for 10 min. The cells were resuspended to a final concentration of 5 3 107 cells mL21 in 50 mm Hepes buffer (pH 7.8) that contained 10 mm MgCl2, 0.1% b-mercaptoethanol, and 1 mm PMSF as a protease inhibitor. This mixture was stored at 270°C for later use. An atmosphere of N2 ...
Fulltext - Jultika
... enzyme of mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis type II (FAS II), revealed a highly similar human protein, NRBF-1. Expression of NRBF-1 in a yeast etr1? strain rescued its respiratory deficiency. NRBF-1 resides in mitochondria in cultured HeLa cells. The recombinant NRBF-1 is enzymatically active, redu ...
... enzyme of mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis type II (FAS II), revealed a highly similar human protein, NRBF-1. Expression of NRBF-1 in a yeast etr1? strain rescued its respiratory deficiency. NRBF-1 resides in mitochondria in cultured HeLa cells. The recombinant NRBF-1 is enzymatically active, redu ...
The Biochemistry of C 4 Photosynthesis
... activity of 2,600 at pH 7.5 and 22~ K,, values for pyruvate,Pi, ATP, PEP, pyrophosphate and AMP are 250, 1,500, 15, 140, 40, and <10/zM, respectively (Sugiyama, 1973). Although the reaction itself is reversible, it proceeds to form PEP in vivo because high activity of pyrophosphatase and adenylate k ...
... activity of 2,600 at pH 7.5 and 22~ K,, values for pyruvate,Pi, ATP, PEP, pyrophosphate and AMP are 250, 1,500, 15, 140, 40, and <10/zM, respectively (Sugiyama, 1973). Although the reaction itself is reversible, it proceeds to form PEP in vivo because high activity of pyrophosphatase and adenylate k ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.