Enzymatic activation of sulfur for incorporation into biomolecules in
... inactivated (Zheng et al., 1998). The iscS gene of A. vinelandii is located at the 5 0 end of an operon, which also contains iscU, iscA, hscB, hscA and fdx; this type of operon is widespread in nature (Zheng et al., 1998) and crucial for general iron sulfur cluster (isc) biosynthesis in many organis ...
... inactivated (Zheng et al., 1998). The iscS gene of A. vinelandii is located at the 5 0 end of an operon, which also contains iscU, iscA, hscB, hscA and fdx; this type of operon is widespread in nature (Zheng et al., 1998) and crucial for general iron sulfur cluster (isc) biosynthesis in many organis ...
Polynucleotide Phosphorylase and Mitochondrial
... and Gregus, 2009a), and the bacterial enzyme phosphotransacetylase (Németi and Gregus, 2009b). Each of these enzymes utilizes Pi for cleaving the substrate (termed phosphorolysis) into two compounds, one of which is a phosphorylated metabolite. When AsV substitutes for Pi, arsenolysis is carried ou ...
... and Gregus, 2009a), and the bacterial enzyme phosphotransacetylase (Németi and Gregus, 2009b). Each of these enzymes utilizes Pi for cleaving the substrate (termed phosphorolysis) into two compounds, one of which is a phosphorylated metabolite. When AsV substitutes for Pi, arsenolysis is carried ou ...
Ch. 3: Vitamins, Cofactors, Coenzymes, Enzymes
... metalloenzyme: an enzyme that has a tightly bound metal ion cofactor: an organic molecule or a metal ion that certain enzymes need in order to catalyze a reaction or a process coenzyme: an organic molecule (vitamin) as cofactor prosthetic group: a cofoctor permanently associated with the protein, of ...
... metalloenzyme: an enzyme that has a tightly bound metal ion cofactor: an organic molecule or a metal ion that certain enzymes need in order to catalyze a reaction or a process coenzyme: an organic molecule (vitamin) as cofactor prosthetic group: a cofoctor permanently associated with the protein, of ...
Methane as a Minor Product of Pyruvate Metabolism
... Efects of biological methylating agents. Choline chloride (0.5 mg./ml.) had no effect on methane formation. Methionine (0.05 to I m ~ stimulated ...
... Efects of biological methylating agents. Choline chloride (0.5 mg./ml.) had no effect on methane formation. Methionine (0.05 to I m ~ stimulated ...
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase: Closure of the B
... ABSTRACT: Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) catalyzes the production of carbamoyl phosphate which is subsequently employed in the metabolic pathways responsible for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides or arginine. The catalytic mechanism of the enzyme occurs through three highly reactive inte ...
... ABSTRACT: Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) catalyzes the production of carbamoyl phosphate which is subsequently employed in the metabolic pathways responsible for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides or arginine. The catalytic mechanism of the enzyme occurs through three highly reactive inte ...
Respiratory enzyme activity and regulation of respiration pathway in
... d of recovery after water drainage. Non-waterlogged seedlings were regarded as control during this experiment. All waterlogged seedlings were averagely divided into two parts after the formation of adventitious roots. The first and second treatment groups contain seedlings with retained and removed ...
... d of recovery after water drainage. Non-waterlogged seedlings were regarded as control during this experiment. All waterlogged seedlings were averagely divided into two parts after the formation of adventitious roots. The first and second treatment groups contain seedlings with retained and removed ...
The Bacterial Heterotrimeric Amidotransferase GatCAB
... Gln-tRNAGln (when n=2) (Adapted from [8]). ...
... Gln-tRNAGln (when n=2) (Adapted from [8]). ...
Enzyme Mechanisms - Weber State University
... millisecond time scale. “Burst Phase” kinetics at time zero, change to a slower rate after all enzymes are acetylated, waiting for water to release them in the rate limiting step: ...
... millisecond time scale. “Burst Phase” kinetics at time zero, change to a slower rate after all enzymes are acetylated, waiting for water to release them in the rate limiting step: ...
Analysis of the bipartite networks of domain compositions and
... It is widely accepted that complexity of biological systems arises from combinations of common subunits. In this work we investigate the combinatorial patterns of protein domains in the metabolic networks and find several general rules in the patterns of domain combinations and their evolution. Firs ...
... It is widely accepted that complexity of biological systems arises from combinations of common subunits. In this work we investigate the combinatorial patterns of protein domains in the metabolic networks and find several general rules in the patterns of domain combinations and their evolution. Firs ...
UNIT- V - Bhoj University
... reactions that produce energy take place in mitochondria. Also important in the life of a cell are the lysosomes. Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes that aid in the digestion of nutrient molecules and other materials There are many different types of cells. One major difference in cells o ...
... reactions that produce energy take place in mitochondria. Also important in the life of a cell are the lysosomes. Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes that aid in the digestion of nutrient molecules and other materials There are many different types of cells. One major difference in cells o ...
6 - rguhs
... aged. Exocytosis rather than cell lysis was the primary means of release of glucose oxidase from cells. Enzyme stability studies confirmed that the glucose oxidase of T. flavus is an extremely stable enzyme, retaining 13% of its original activity after 2 weeks at 25°C and retaining activity for seve ...
... aged. Exocytosis rather than cell lysis was the primary means of release of glucose oxidase from cells. Enzyme stability studies confirmed that the glucose oxidase of T. flavus is an extremely stable enzyme, retaining 13% of its original activity after 2 weeks at 25°C and retaining activity for seve ...
Glycolysis Lecture
... Welcome to the Department of Clinical Biochemistry. The aim of this course guide is to provide you with clear description of the course objectives, contents of each topic together with its lectures, tutorials and practicals, which are presented in a sequential manner. Also it states clearly what is ...
... Welcome to the Department of Clinical Biochemistry. The aim of this course guide is to provide you with clear description of the course objectives, contents of each topic together with its lectures, tutorials and practicals, which are presented in a sequential manner. Also it states clearly what is ...
Steady sucrose degradation is a prerequisite for
... and then oven-dried at 80 °C for 48 h to determine the dry weight. Carbon dioxide production and O2 consumption rates are expressed as units per weight. Assuming that CO2 production from fermentation coincides with that from ethanol fermentation, we calculated the SCR of the respiratory metabolism f ...
... and then oven-dried at 80 °C for 48 h to determine the dry weight. Carbon dioxide production and O2 consumption rates are expressed as units per weight. Assuming that CO2 production from fermentation coincides with that from ethanol fermentation, we calculated the SCR of the respiratory metabolism f ...
PDF
... during phototrophic growth and synthesizes ATP instead of NADPH (Iwai et al., 2010). Photosynthetic electron transport pathways are different in anoxygenic (non-oxygen evolving) phototrophs, all of which contain either a type II (quinone type) or a type I (Fe-S type) reaction center (RC). Five out o ...
... during phototrophic growth and synthesizes ATP instead of NADPH (Iwai et al., 2010). Photosynthetic electron transport pathways are different in anoxygenic (non-oxygen evolving) phototrophs, all of which contain either a type II (quinone type) or a type I (Fe-S type) reaction center (RC). Five out o ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... acid synthase activity, it can be further elongated by the addition of two-carbon units in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria. These organelles use separate enzymatic processes rather than a multifunctional enzyme. The brain has additional elongation capabilities, allowing it to ...
... acid synthase activity, it can be further elongated by the addition of two-carbon units in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria. These organelles use separate enzymatic processes rather than a multifunctional enzyme. The brain has additional elongation capabilities, allowing it to ...
PDF
... during phototrophic growth and synthesizes ATP instead of NADPH (Iwai et al., 2010). Photosynthetic electron transport pathways are different in anoxygenic (non-oxygen evolving) phototrophs, all of which contain either a type II (quinone type) or a type I (Fe-S type) reaction center (RC). Five out o ...
... during phototrophic growth and synthesizes ATP instead of NADPH (Iwai et al., 2010). Photosynthetic electron transport pathways are different in anoxygenic (non-oxygen evolving) phototrophs, all of which contain either a type II (quinone type) or a type I (Fe-S type) reaction center (RC). Five out o ...
Muscle Energetics and Fatigue - Dr. Feher
... transport chain (ETC) in the mitochondria. The source of glucose for glycolysis can be muscle glycogen or plasma glucose. The glucose is imported into the muscle by a glucose transporter, GluT4. Plasma glucose originates from liver and extrahepatic tissues either through glycolysis (liver) or glucon ...
... transport chain (ETC) in the mitochondria. The source of glucose for glycolysis can be muscle glycogen or plasma glucose. The glucose is imported into the muscle by a glucose transporter, GluT4. Plasma glucose originates from liver and extrahepatic tissues either through glycolysis (liver) or glucon ...
Biosensors
... (a) enzyme(s) is maintained in its natural environment (b) enzyme activity is stabilized (c) sometimes work when purified enzyme fail (d) much less expansive (e) loger life time Disadvantages: (a) loss of selectivity owning to containing multiple enzymes (b) response may be slower example: Banana el ...
... (a) enzyme(s) is maintained in its natural environment (b) enzyme activity is stabilized (c) sometimes work when purified enzyme fail (d) much less expansive (e) loger life time Disadvantages: (a) loss of selectivity owning to containing multiple enzymes (b) response may be slower example: Banana el ...
Substrate Specificity and Mechanism from the Structure of
... oxygen atoms of the conserved residues, Glu130 and Ser107 and by oxygen atoms from the a and b-phosphate groups of ADP (Figure 4(a)). Galactose binding The galactose sits in a cavity between the two domains, oriented with the phosphoryl acceptor oxygen atom (O1) towards the phosphate-binding loop an ...
... oxygen atoms of the conserved residues, Glu130 and Ser107 and by oxygen atoms from the a and b-phosphate groups of ADP (Figure 4(a)). Galactose binding The galactose sits in a cavity between the two domains, oriented with the phosphoryl acceptor oxygen atom (O1) towards the phosphate-binding loop an ...
DISCOVERY OF ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR AN ALTERNATE
... not possess a Shine-Delgarno sequence seen in bacteria, and instead is often leaderless (9). The archaeal ribosome is made of a number of proteins that share homology to both bacteria and eukaryotes (5). Archaea are metabolically diverse and utilize a variety of sources of energy. The methanogens fr ...
... not possess a Shine-Delgarno sequence seen in bacteria, and instead is often leaderless (9). The archaeal ribosome is made of a number of proteins that share homology to both bacteria and eukaryotes (5). Archaea are metabolically diverse and utilize a variety of sources of energy. The methanogens fr ...
Feodor Lynen - Nobel Lecture
... The substrate is regenerated in this repeated reaction sequence, which thus resembles the citric acid cycle or the cyclic process in the synthesis of urea. In these other cyclic processes, however, identical substrates are formed after each cycle, whereas a shorter homologous chain is formed in each ...
... The substrate is regenerated in this repeated reaction sequence, which thus resembles the citric acid cycle or the cyclic process in the synthesis of urea. In these other cyclic processes, however, identical substrates are formed after each cycle, whereas a shorter homologous chain is formed in each ...
The Stereochemistry of Enzymatic Transamination“
... C,-N conformation, and the stereochemistry of proton transfer. This transfer will be called cis if the CH bond breaking and making both take place on the same side of the T system plane or trans if on opposite sides. These five variables have an “algebraic” relationship to each other such that knowl ...
... C,-N conformation, and the stereochemistry of proton transfer. This transfer will be called cis if the CH bond breaking and making both take place on the same side of the T system plane or trans if on opposite sides. These five variables have an “algebraic” relationship to each other such that knowl ...
Minimalist Active-Site Redesign: Teaching Old Enzymes New Tricks
... to the wild type. Such differential partitioning is crucial for the observed ligase activity. The identification of this function in a crippled protease opened the eyes of protein engineers to the idea that a single, seemingly conservative, mutation can give rise to novel catalysts. Still, there was ...
... to the wild type. Such differential partitioning is crucial for the observed ligase activity. The identification of this function in a crippled protease opened the eyes of protein engineers to the idea that a single, seemingly conservative, mutation can give rise to novel catalysts. Still, there was ...
Full-Text PDF
... The Table 2 shows some of the clay/mineral catalyzed phosphorylation reactions. One of the most important of such minerals and clays belongs to the class of silicates [39–41]. Hydrothermal synthesis of glycerol phosphates has been reported at temperatures as high as 200 °C by the use of a large vari ...
... The Table 2 shows some of the clay/mineral catalyzed phosphorylation reactions. One of the most important of such minerals and clays belongs to the class of silicates [39–41]. Hydrothermal synthesis of glycerol phosphates has been reported at temperatures as high as 200 °C by the use of a large vari ...
Identification of a molecular component of the mitochondrial
... However, eukaryotic orthologues to Pat have not been identified in either the mitochondrial or nuclear genome [9]. An alternative scenario in eukaryotes could be that mitochondrial proteins are acetylated in the cytosol prior to mitochondrial import. However, as fasting and feeding result in a dynam ...
... However, eukaryotic orthologues to Pat have not been identified in either the mitochondrial or nuclear genome [9]. An alternative scenario in eukaryotes could be that mitochondrial proteins are acetylated in the cytosol prior to mitochondrial import. However, as fasting and feeding result in a dynam ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.