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CH 3
... cholesterol with free fatty acids inside the intestinal enterocyte Assembly and export from intestinal cells to the lymphatics of chylomicrons coated with Apo B48 and containing triacylglycerols, cholesterol esters and phospholipids ...
... cholesterol with free fatty acids inside the intestinal enterocyte Assembly and export from intestinal cells to the lymphatics of chylomicrons coated with Apo B48 and containing triacylglycerols, cholesterol esters and phospholipids ...
Stunned myocardium—an unfinished puzzle
... cycle and can replenish the moiety-deprived citric acid cycle via anaplerotic reactions, attenuated myocardial stunning in the swine [21]. Therefore, by indirect effects on ion homeostasis or direct effects on contractile function, energetics could influence myocardial stunning to some extent. In su ...
... cycle and can replenish the moiety-deprived citric acid cycle via anaplerotic reactions, attenuated myocardial stunning in the swine [21]. Therefore, by indirect effects on ion homeostasis or direct effects on contractile function, energetics could influence myocardial stunning to some extent. In su ...
Oxidation of fatty acids in eukaryotes
... identified in liver, intestine, adipose tissue and mammary gland, all of which have high lipogenic activities. Expression studies support the hypothesis that the cytosolic enzyme synthesizes acetyl-CoA for lipogenesis, whereas the mitochondrial acetyl-CoA synthetase activates acetate headed for oxid ...
... identified in liver, intestine, adipose tissue and mammary gland, all of which have high lipogenic activities. Expression studies support the hypothesis that the cytosolic enzyme synthesizes acetyl-CoA for lipogenesis, whereas the mitochondrial acetyl-CoA synthetase activates acetate headed for oxid ...
fulltext
... VELÍŠEK J., CEJPEK K. (2005): Biosynthesis of food constituents: Saccharides. 1. Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and related compounds – a review. Czech J. Food Sci., 23: 129–144. This review article presents a survey of selected principal biosynthetic pathways that lead to the most important mon ...
... VELÍŠEK J., CEJPEK K. (2005): Biosynthesis of food constituents: Saccharides. 1. Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and related compounds – a review. Czech J. Food Sci., 23: 129–144. This review article presents a survey of selected principal biosynthetic pathways that lead to the most important mon ...
Chapter 4
... a) Muscle contraction- during muscle contractions there is a release of Ca++, this causes glycogenolysis by activating the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase.; b) Enzyme activity- the activity of lactate dehydrogenase is higher then that of the enzymes that provide alternate pathways for pyruvate; c) Sym ...
... a) Muscle contraction- during muscle contractions there is a release of Ca++, this causes glycogenolysis by activating the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase.; b) Enzyme activity- the activity of lactate dehydrogenase is higher then that of the enzymes that provide alternate pathways for pyruvate; c) Sym ...
Relations between Intracellular Ions and Energy Metabolism: A
... and if it is not restored within minutes, permanent cell damage may ensue.This extreme sensitivity of brain to lack of oxygen impliesthat mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylationis the main sourceof energy for the reactions that maintain ions in a nonequilibrium state. Consistent with this suppositio ...
... and if it is not restored within minutes, permanent cell damage may ensue.This extreme sensitivity of brain to lack of oxygen impliesthat mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylationis the main sourceof energy for the reactions that maintain ions in a nonequilibrium state. Consistent with this suppositio ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
... It’s one of two energy-rich products of the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in phototrophs ATP then provides drivers for almost everything else other than redox ...
... It’s one of two energy-rich products of the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in phototrophs ATP then provides drivers for almost everything else other than redox ...
Chapter X-1: The Plant Cell and the Cell Cycle
... cytochromes. iron-sulfur proteins. coenzyme Q. NAD+. FAD. ...
... cytochromes. iron-sulfur proteins. coenzyme Q. NAD+. FAD. ...
Enzymes at work
... consumption of chemicals, water and energy, and the subsequent generation of waste. ...
... consumption of chemicals, water and energy, and the subsequent generation of waste. ...
Lipid Metabolism
... components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process, called lipolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm. The resulting fatty acids are oxidized by β -oxidation into acetyl CoA, which is used by the Krebs cycle. The glycerol that is released from triglycerides after lipolysis directly enters the glycolysi ...
... components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process, called lipolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm. The resulting fatty acids are oxidized by β -oxidation into acetyl CoA, which is used by the Krebs cycle. The glycerol that is released from triglycerides after lipolysis directly enters the glycolysi ...
1111138443_282429
... © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ...
... © 2012 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ...
Chapter 9 Review, pages 628–633
... 25. (a) Separate the equation H2O(l) + Au3+(aq) → O2(g) + Au(s) into two half-reactions. H2O(l) → O2(g) (oxidation) Au3+(aq) → Au(s) (reduction) For the oxidation half-reaction, first balance oxygen. 2 H2O(l) → O2(g) Balance hydrogen by adding hydrogen ions. 2 H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) Balance the c ...
... 25. (a) Separate the equation H2O(l) + Au3+(aq) → O2(g) + Au(s) into two half-reactions. H2O(l) → O2(g) (oxidation) Au3+(aq) → Au(s) (reduction) For the oxidation half-reaction, first balance oxygen. 2 H2O(l) → O2(g) Balance hydrogen by adding hydrogen ions. 2 H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) Balance the c ...
A Mechanistic Analysis of Enzymatic Degradation - J
... isotope effects on the reactions catalyzed by DL-DEX 113 for D- and L-2-chloropropionate were also carried out.30) It was found that a step preceding dehalogenation is partly rate-limiting in the case of D-2-chloropropionate, and that the overall reaction rates are controlled by different steps in the ...
... isotope effects on the reactions catalyzed by DL-DEX 113 for D- and L-2-chloropropionate were also carried out.30) It was found that a step preceding dehalogenation is partly rate-limiting in the case of D-2-chloropropionate, and that the overall reaction rates are controlled by different steps in the ...
Journal of Bacteriology
... considerable amount of activity was lost during incubation of the enzyme for 10 min at this temperature, probably because cofactors or substrates or both, which may protect the enzyme, were lacking. We were surprised to find that the specific activity of the L-alanine adding enzyme of E. coli strain ...
... considerable amount of activity was lost during incubation of the enzyme for 10 min at this temperature, probably because cofactors or substrates or both, which may protect the enzyme, were lacking. We were surprised to find that the specific activity of the L-alanine adding enzyme of E. coli strain ...
Activation and Stabilization of Penicillin V Acylase from
... in the following trend: ethylene glycol > glycerol = diethylene glycol > triethylene glycol. On the other hand, an effect of solvents on a better solubility of substrate and/or products cannot be discarded (Arroyo et al., 1999). The maximal rate of penicillin V hydrolysis catalyzed by PVA depends on ...
... in the following trend: ethylene glycol > glycerol = diethylene glycol > triethylene glycol. On the other hand, an effect of solvents on a better solubility of substrate and/or products cannot be discarded (Arroyo et al., 1999). The maximal rate of penicillin V hydrolysis catalyzed by PVA depends on ...
Document
... A Scaffold providing: Supporting and protective mesh surrounding and protecting the cytoplasmic membrane from physical forces such as osmotic pressure ...
... A Scaffold providing: Supporting and protective mesh surrounding and protecting the cytoplasmic membrane from physical forces such as osmotic pressure ...
BIOGENESIS OF MITOCHONDRIAL ATPase Studies on
... individual ATPase subunits has been investigated in Neurospora crassa. Both microorganisms represent eukaryotic cells with high biosynthetic activities and are readily cultured. The growth of N. crassa depends on the presence of oxygen. S. cerevisiae can switch from fermentative to aerobic metabolis ...
... individual ATPase subunits has been investigated in Neurospora crassa. Both microorganisms represent eukaryotic cells with high biosynthetic activities and are readily cultured. The growth of N. crassa depends on the presence of oxygen. S. cerevisiae can switch from fermentative to aerobic metabolis ...
Metabolism
... • Glycolysis generates 2 ATP and 2 NADH • Two ATP are used in energy-investment to add phosphate groups to glucose and fructose-6-phosphate • Four ATP are formed in energy-generation by direct transfers of phosphate groups to four ADP. Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ 2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 4H+ ...
... • Glycolysis generates 2 ATP and 2 NADH • Two ATP are used in energy-investment to add phosphate groups to glucose and fructose-6-phosphate • Four ATP are formed in energy-generation by direct transfers of phosphate groups to four ADP. Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ 2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 4H+ ...
microbial metabolism of oxalate and one
... fermentation of carbohydrates. The features relevant to the discussion here are (a) its formation as an intermediate during the oxidation of oxalate and several Cl compounds (CH,, CH,OH, CH,NH,, etc.) and (b) its ability to support the autotrophic or heterotrophic growth of some bacteria. Formate ox ...
... fermentation of carbohydrates. The features relevant to the discussion here are (a) its formation as an intermediate during the oxidation of oxalate and several Cl compounds (CH,, CH,OH, CH,NH,, etc.) and (b) its ability to support the autotrophic or heterotrophic growth of some bacteria. Formate ox ...
The Growth of Micro-organisms in Relation to their
... Leuconostoc mesenteroides and expressed their results as dry wt. organism/mole energy source provided. Both of these organisms have complex nutritional requirements and both obtain their energy for growth by the anaerobic catabolism of carbohydrates. Thus, S.faecalis converts glucose to lactic acid ...
... Leuconostoc mesenteroides and expressed their results as dry wt. organism/mole energy source provided. Both of these organisms have complex nutritional requirements and both obtain their energy for growth by the anaerobic catabolism of carbohydrates. Thus, S.faecalis converts glucose to lactic acid ...
University of Groningen Transport processes in penicillin
... improvement of strains and cultivation conditions is only practical when factors that limit the yield and rate of penicillin production can be pinpointed and removed easily. In recent studies on prospects of metabolically engineering penicillin production, two general approaches have been applied to ...
... improvement of strains and cultivation conditions is only practical when factors that limit the yield and rate of penicillin production can be pinpointed and removed easily. In recent studies on prospects of metabolically engineering penicillin production, two general approaches have been applied to ...
Oxidation and Synthesis of Fatty Acids in Soluble Enzyme Systems
... established by Lipmann and his group (13, 14). For present purposes it can be conceived of as merely a vehicle for an Sil group which can readily become acylated to form an acyl thiol ester. Now we come to the second function of the sparker. These thioesters -the fatty acyl derivatives of CoA-are ox ...
... established by Lipmann and his group (13, 14). For present purposes it can be conceived of as merely a vehicle for an Sil group which can readily become acylated to form an acyl thiol ester. Now we come to the second function of the sparker. These thioesters -the fatty acyl derivatives of CoA-are ox ...
Path of Glucose Breakdown and Cell Yields of a
... (Acceptedfor publication 27 August 1966) SUMMARY ...
... (Acceptedfor publication 27 August 1966) SUMMARY ...
Enzymatic activation of sulfur for incorporation into biomolecules in
... inactivated (Zheng et al., 1998). The iscS gene of A. vinelandii is located at the 5 0 end of an operon, which also contains iscU, iscA, hscB, hscA and fdx; this type of operon is widespread in nature (Zheng et al., 1998) and crucial for general iron sulfur cluster (isc) biosynthesis in many organis ...
... inactivated (Zheng et al., 1998). The iscS gene of A. vinelandii is located at the 5 0 end of an operon, which also contains iscU, iscA, hscB, hscA and fdx; this type of operon is widespread in nature (Zheng et al., 1998) and crucial for general iron sulfur cluster (isc) biosynthesis in many organis ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.