Prokaryotic proteins of antioxidant defense in Trichomonas vaginalis
... causing uncoupling of electron transport can enhance the production of ROS, with mitochondria being a major source (23,80). Flow of electrons and protons through mitochondrial electron transport system generates an electrochemical proton gradient, the pivotal driving force for ATP synthesis within m ...
... causing uncoupling of electron transport can enhance the production of ROS, with mitochondria being a major source (23,80). Flow of electrons and protons through mitochondrial electron transport system generates an electrochemical proton gradient, the pivotal driving force for ATP synthesis within m ...
Role of Krebs Cycle in the Mechanism of Stability Internal Medium
... thermodynamic system of a human organism and the open non equilibrium nonlinear thermodynamic system of an organism’s cells display balance catabolic exergonic processes and anabolic endergonic processes [1,2]. Catabolic anaerobic oxidative phosphorylation of glycolysis exerts the driving mechanism ...
... thermodynamic system of a human organism and the open non equilibrium nonlinear thermodynamic system of an organism’s cells display balance catabolic exergonic processes and anabolic endergonic processes [1,2]. Catabolic anaerobic oxidative phosphorylation of glycolysis exerts the driving mechanism ...
iRsp1095: A genome-scale reconstruction of the Rhodobacter
... To fill this knowledge gap, we are modeling the flow of carbon and reducing power in the well-studied photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. This facultative bacterium is capable of either aerobic or anaerobic respiration, depending on the availability of oxygen (O2) or alternative electr ...
... To fill this knowledge gap, we are modeling the flow of carbon and reducing power in the well-studied photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. This facultative bacterium is capable of either aerobic or anaerobic respiration, depending on the availability of oxygen (O2) or alternative electr ...
Therapeutic Enzymes
... Enzymes: General features Almost all enzymes are protein-based They are globular proteins soluble in aqueous-based solutions Sensitive to environmental conditions such as changes in temperature and pH Enzymes are high-molecular mass molecules, ranging from 13 to 500 ...
... Enzymes: General features Almost all enzymes are protein-based They are globular proteins soluble in aqueous-based solutions Sensitive to environmental conditions such as changes in temperature and pH Enzymes are high-molecular mass molecules, ranging from 13 to 500 ...
Yeast ING Protein Yeast Protein Human Ortholog Description of
... Primary component of eisosomes, which are large immobile cell cortex structures associated with endocytosis; null mutants show activation of Pkc1p/Ypk1p stress resistance pathways; detected in phosphorylated state in mitochondria Mitochondrial integral inner membrane protein involved in membrane ins ...
... Primary component of eisosomes, which are large immobile cell cortex structures associated with endocytosis; null mutants show activation of Pkc1p/Ypk1p stress resistance pathways; detected in phosphorylated state in mitochondria Mitochondrial integral inner membrane protein involved in membrane ins ...
Contents - Elsevier
... two flavoproteins may operate at very different potentials even when they are physically close together. Why are there two pyridine nucleotides, NAD+ and NADP+, differing only in the presence or absence of an extra phosphate group? One important answer is that they are members of two different oxida ...
... two flavoproteins may operate at very different potentials even when they are physically close together. Why are there two pyridine nucleotides, NAD+ and NADP+, differing only in the presence or absence of an extra phosphate group? One important answer is that they are members of two different oxida ...
PhoR, PhoP and MshC: Three essential proteins of Mycobacterium
... spontaneously dephosphorylate. The DNA binding activity of PhoP was assessed using fluorescence polarization, though no binding was observed. To observe the complexation of PhoRin and PhoP, a pull-down method was developed using the non-hydrolyzable ATP analog, adenosine 5′-(β,γ-imido)triphosphate ( ...
... spontaneously dephosphorylate. The DNA binding activity of PhoP was assessed using fluorescence polarization, though no binding was observed. To observe the complexation of PhoRin and PhoP, a pull-down method was developed using the non-hydrolyzable ATP analog, adenosine 5′-(β,γ-imido)triphosphate ( ...
Transport of Aromatic Amino Acids by Brevibacterium linens
... than 38% (Table 1). It would appear that the aamino and a-carboxyl are less important in this case than for the transport of the other two aromatic amino acids, since these functional groups were absent from potent inhibitors. The length of the carbon chain on the indole ring also seems to be of sec ...
... than 38% (Table 1). It would appear that the aamino and a-carboxyl are less important in this case than for the transport of the other two aromatic amino acids, since these functional groups were absent from potent inhibitors. The length of the carbon chain on the indole ring also seems to be of sec ...
The Biosynthesis of N-Phosphorylcreatine: an Investigation of the
... under conditions similar to those described by these authors. Further fractionation, however, caused a loss of activity and, since this could be recovered in greater than additive amounts by recombination of fractions, it seemed that more than one enzyme was involved. Furthermore, it has been found ...
... under conditions similar to those described by these authors. Further fractionation, however, caused a loss of activity and, since this could be recovered in greater than additive amounts by recombination of fractions, it seemed that more than one enzyme was involved. Furthermore, it has been found ...
AMP-activated protein kinase regulation of fatty acid oxidation in the
... There is a dynamic interplay between the oxidation of fatty acids and glucose metabolism in the heart. Acetyl-CoA derived from fatty acids can inhibit glucose oxidation at the level of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Therefore, increased fatty acid oxidation decreases glucose oxidation. This occ ...
... There is a dynamic interplay between the oxidation of fatty acids and glucose metabolism in the heart. Acetyl-CoA derived from fatty acids can inhibit glucose oxidation at the level of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Therefore, increased fatty acid oxidation decreases glucose oxidation. This occ ...
J B , Mar. 2004, p. 1531–1536 Vol. 186, No. 5
... of geranylgeranyldiphosphate (GGDP; C20PP), a reaction catalyzed by the carotenoid synthase CrtB (Fig. 1). The vast majority of the ⬎700 known carotenoids (9) arise as a result of different types and levels of modification of the C40 backbone, catalyzed by promiscuous (downstream) carotenoid biosynt ...
... of geranylgeranyldiphosphate (GGDP; C20PP), a reaction catalyzed by the carotenoid synthase CrtB (Fig. 1). The vast majority of the ⬎700 known carotenoids (9) arise as a result of different types and levels of modification of the C40 backbone, catalyzed by promiscuous (downstream) carotenoid biosynt ...
This paper is published in a part-themed issue of Photochemical
... was cooled and added to the exhausted cold solution it became luminous again because the component that was used up in the cold solution was precisely the one that was not destroyed by the heat. Dubois called the molecule that was consumed in the bioluminescence reaction luciferin and the component ...
... was cooled and added to the exhausted cold solution it became luminous again because the component that was used up in the cold solution was precisely the one that was not destroyed by the heat. Dubois called the molecule that was consumed in the bioluminescence reaction luciferin and the component ...
phosphorylation. synthesis via the mechanism of substrate level
... to proceed via the mechanism of electron transport phosphorylation (6, 18, 23). In this study, we investigated whether M. barkeri is able to grow on pyruvate when methanogenesis is completely inhibited by bromoethanesulfonate (BES), an inhibitor of methyl coenzyme M reductase (9). The rationale for ...
... to proceed via the mechanism of electron transport phosphorylation (6, 18, 23). In this study, we investigated whether M. barkeri is able to grow on pyruvate when methanogenesis is completely inhibited by bromoethanesulfonate (BES), an inhibitor of methyl coenzyme M reductase (9). The rationale for ...
- Wiley Online Library
... capability to adapt to anaerobiosis by shifting down to a drug resistant dormant state. Here, we report the identification of the first enzyme, L-alanine dehydrogenase, whose specific activity is increased during dormancy development in M. smegmatis. This mycobacterial enzyme activity was previously ...
... capability to adapt to anaerobiosis by shifting down to a drug resistant dormant state. Here, we report the identification of the first enzyme, L-alanine dehydrogenase, whose specific activity is increased during dormancy development in M. smegmatis. This mycobacterial enzyme activity was previously ...
Chapter 29 The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways
... Breakdown of Smaller Molecules Sugars and fat components are broken down in steps ...
... Breakdown of Smaller Molecules Sugars and fat components are broken down in steps ...
Ch 6 LIPID METABOLISM - FORMATTED - NSDL
... from 1% (in chylomicron) to 70% (in HDL). There are several types of apoproteins viz ApoA, -B, -C, -D and -E, which, in turn, have many sub-types. They are differentiated on the basis of their size, antigenic properties, and distribution. Apoproteins not only make lipid transport possible in plasma ...
... from 1% (in chylomicron) to 70% (in HDL). There are several types of apoproteins viz ApoA, -B, -C, -D and -E, which, in turn, have many sub-types. They are differentiated on the basis of their size, antigenic properties, and distribution. Apoproteins not only make lipid transport possible in plasma ...
Chapter 29 The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways
... Breakdown of Smaller Molecules Sugars and fat components are broken down in steps ...
... Breakdown of Smaller Molecules Sugars and fat components are broken down in steps ...
Metabolomic and flux‐balance analysis of age‐related decline of
... damage mitochondria. Upon reperfusion, the cell experiences sudden oxygen influxes that its inactive oxidative pathways and damaged mitochondria cannot immediately metabolize, resulting in the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Ambrosio et al, 1987). It has been suggested that one way by whic ...
... damage mitochondria. Upon reperfusion, the cell experiences sudden oxygen influxes that its inactive oxidative pathways and damaged mitochondria cannot immediately metabolize, resulting in the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Ambrosio et al, 1987). It has been suggested that one way by whic ...
Science Course Outline Template
... quiz. No laboratory work can be performed until this activity is successfully completed. Wet lab classes will be conducted in Weeks 3, 4, 7, 9 and 11 only. You will complete an online virtual lab in week 6. Students are also required to do a pre-lab quiz prior to each lab. The pre-lab quiz will be r ...
... quiz. No laboratory work can be performed until this activity is successfully completed. Wet lab classes will be conducted in Weeks 3, 4, 7, 9 and 11 only. You will complete an online virtual lab in week 6. Students are also required to do a pre-lab quiz prior to each lab. The pre-lab quiz will be r ...
Can sugars be produced from fatty acids? A test case for pathway
... cannot give rise to a net gain of carbohydrate running along the Krebs cycle. The main conclusions from their work was that fatty acids can enter in the metabolite pool of the Krebs cycle but the net synthesis of glucose is due to an influx of other intermediates in the Krebs cycle, such as amino ac ...
... cannot give rise to a net gain of carbohydrate running along the Krebs cycle. The main conclusions from their work was that fatty acids can enter in the metabolite pool of the Krebs cycle but the net synthesis of glucose is due to an influx of other intermediates in the Krebs cycle, such as amino ac ...
File Ref.No.7054/GA - IV - J1/2013/CU UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
... Coenzymes and cofactors:Definition: examples of a) metal ions b) coenzymes c) prosthetic group.. Coenzymes and their functions - NAD, NADP+,FAD, FMN, lipoic acid, TPP, pyridoxal phosphate and biotin.( structure and one reaction each) ...
... Coenzymes and cofactors:Definition: examples of a) metal ions b) coenzymes c) prosthetic group.. Coenzymes and their functions - NAD, NADP+,FAD, FMN, lipoic acid, TPP, pyridoxal phosphate and biotin.( structure and one reaction each) ...
Can sugars be produced from fatty acids? A test
... via PEP, one more mole of OAA would be needed. This cannot be formed at steady state, though. Another explanation is that two carbons enter the Krebs cycle by AcCoA and two leave it in the form of CO2 (not shown in the Figures). Therefore, no carbon net flux can go to glucose. Nevertheless, if AcCoA ...
... via PEP, one more mole of OAA would be needed. This cannot be formed at steady state, though. Another explanation is that two carbons enter the Krebs cycle by AcCoA and two leave it in the form of CO2 (not shown in the Figures). Therefore, no carbon net flux can go to glucose. Nevertheless, if AcCoA ...
PDF
... lactate, acetate, CO 2 and H 2 as the products. If elemental sulfur (S°) is also added to the growth medium, the organism reduces it to H2S [1]. T. maritima therefore resembles many of the hyperthermophilic archaea such as species of Pyrococcus and Thermococcus [3]. These organisms also ...
... lactate, acetate, CO 2 and H 2 as the products. If elemental sulfur (S°) is also added to the growth medium, the organism reduces it to H2S [1]. T. maritima therefore resembles many of the hyperthermophilic archaea such as species of Pyrococcus and Thermococcus [3]. These organisms also ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.