Acetyl-CoA
... Fatty acids show a lower solubility in water and are combined with serum albumin when transferred in plasma Fatty acids are oxidized to acetyl-CoA in all tissues except for brain and erythrocyte Fatty acid oxidation was found to occur in mitochondria FAs are the major energy source of human of t ...
... Fatty acids show a lower solubility in water and are combined with serum albumin when transferred in plasma Fatty acids are oxidized to acetyl-CoA in all tissues except for brain and erythrocyte Fatty acid oxidation was found to occur in mitochondria FAs are the major energy source of human of t ...
Role of the non-respiratory pathways in the utilization of molecular
... pool.33,67,137 According to Cadenas,32 this oxygen reduction mechanism represents 1–2% of the total respiratory oxygen flux in mammals. However, this value may be artificially increased in the presence of antimycin A, a specific mitochondrial inhibitor of complex III that blocks electron flow throug ...
... pool.33,67,137 According to Cadenas,32 this oxygen reduction mechanism represents 1–2% of the total respiratory oxygen flux in mammals. However, this value may be artificially increased in the presence of antimycin A, a specific mitochondrial inhibitor of complex III that blocks electron flow throug ...
Learning Objectives: At the end of the lecture the student should be
... condensation of succinyl CoA and glycine by ALA synthase to form 5aminolevulic acid (ALA). • This molecule is transported to the cytosol where a series of reactions produce a ring structure called coproporphyrinogen III. • This molecule returns to the mitochondrion where an addition reaction produce ...
... condensation of succinyl CoA and glycine by ALA synthase to form 5aminolevulic acid (ALA). • This molecule is transported to the cytosol where a series of reactions produce a ring structure called coproporphyrinogen III. • This molecule returns to the mitochondrion where an addition reaction produce ...
2015 HSC Chemistry Marking Guidelines
... The information could be measured by a ground-based UV spectrophotometer. This analyses UV light intensity at a wavelength at which ozone absorbs, and compares the intensity to a nearby wavelength of UV that ozone does not absorb. The amount of absorption by ozone provides information about ozone co ...
... The information could be measured by a ground-based UV spectrophotometer. This analyses UV light intensity at a wavelength at which ozone absorbs, and compares the intensity to a nearby wavelength of UV that ozone does not absorb. The amount of absorption by ozone provides information about ozone co ...
Divergent evolution of the thiolase superfamily and chalcone
... extender (Fig. 1) (Heath and Rock, 2002). Thus, b-ketoacyl-acylcarrier-protein (ACP) synthase I (KAS I, E.C. 2.3.1.41) and KAS II (E.C. 2.3.1.179) catalyze the chain elongation step of dissociated (type II) fatty acid synthesis in plants and bacteria, and add a C2 unit derived from malonyl moiety to ...
... extender (Fig. 1) (Heath and Rock, 2002). Thus, b-ketoacyl-acylcarrier-protein (ACP) synthase I (KAS I, E.C. 2.3.1.41) and KAS II (E.C. 2.3.1.179) catalyze the chain elongation step of dissociated (type II) fatty acid synthesis in plants and bacteria, and add a C2 unit derived from malonyl moiety to ...
Chapter 2: Biochemistry Problems
... charged) atoms or groups. • Hydrogen bonds: These require a “hydrogen donor”: a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an oxygen or nitrogen (–OH or –NH) and a “hydrogen acceptor”: a lone pair of electrons on an oxygen or nitrogen atom (O: or N:). • Hydrophobic interactions: These occur when several or ...
... charged) atoms or groups. • Hydrogen bonds: These require a “hydrogen donor”: a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an oxygen or nitrogen (–OH or –NH) and a “hydrogen acceptor”: a lone pair of electrons on an oxygen or nitrogen atom (O: or N:). • Hydrophobic interactions: These occur when several or ...
CHAPTER 2- The Chemical Level of Organization
... 9) A manufacturing company uses a very effective solvent that is composed of groups of atoms with unpaired electrons in their outermost electron shells. Which of the following is true? A) The solvent’s atoms are isotopes with unstable nuclei that releases radioactivity. B) Workers using the solvent ...
... 9) A manufacturing company uses a very effective solvent that is composed of groups of atoms with unpaired electrons in their outermost electron shells. Which of the following is true? A) The solvent’s atoms are isotopes with unstable nuclei that releases radioactivity. B) Workers using the solvent ...
Lecture 29
... Nucleotides - key roles in cellular processes: 1. Activated precursors of RNA and DNA 2. Adenine nucleotides are components of the major co-enzymes, NAD, NADP, FMN, FAD, and CoA 3. Nucleotide derivatives are activated intermediates in biosynthetic processes (UDP-glucose, SAM) 4. Serve as metabolic ...
... Nucleotides - key roles in cellular processes: 1. Activated precursors of RNA and DNA 2. Adenine nucleotides are components of the major co-enzymes, NAD, NADP, FMN, FAD, and CoA 3. Nucleotide derivatives are activated intermediates in biosynthetic processes (UDP-glucose, SAM) 4. Serve as metabolic ...
pH-induced conformational changes in human ABO(H) blood group
... fucose moiety (Johal et al. 2012; Alfaro et al. 2008), the C-terminal loop is not ordered in any of the structures with simple galactose as an acceptor analog at any pH. ABBA was chosen for this study as it was known to have loop stability intermediate between GTA and GTB (Johal et al. 2012). In all ...
... fucose moiety (Johal et al. 2012; Alfaro et al. 2008), the C-terminal loop is not ordered in any of the structures with simple galactose as an acceptor analog at any pH. ABBA was chosen for this study as it was known to have loop stability intermediate between GTA and GTB (Johal et al. 2012). In all ...
Metabolism of Mollicutes: the Embden-Meyerhof
... enzyme activities associated with the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) and EmbdenMeyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway. All Acholeplasma spp. had glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), 6-phosphogluconate (6PG) dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) and hexokinase (EC 2.7.1 . 1) activity, Of these three ...
... enzyme activities associated with the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) and EmbdenMeyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway. All Acholeplasma spp. had glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), 6-phosphogluconate (6PG) dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) and hexokinase (EC 2.7.1 . 1) activity, Of these three ...
The biosynthesis of peptidoglycan lipid
... required before the lipid carrier becomes available for use in the various biosynthetic pathways. This reaction must also occur after each cycle of polymerization of cell wall components (e.g. of peptidoglycan) and the release of the linked saccharides, because the lipid carrier is in most cases lib ...
... required before the lipid carrier becomes available for use in the various biosynthetic pathways. This reaction must also occur after each cycle of polymerization of cell wall components (e.g. of peptidoglycan) and the release of the linked saccharides, because the lipid carrier is in most cases lib ...
Chemistry of Life chapt02
... Protons – positively charged particles Neutrons – neutral particles Electrons – negatively charged particles ...
... Protons – positively charged particles Neutrons – neutral particles Electrons – negatively charged particles ...
ENZYMES
... dissociated into its subunits, catalytic activity is usually lost. If an enzyme is broken down into its component amino acids, its catalytic activity is always destroyed. Thus the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of protein enzymes are essential to their catalytic activity. En ...
... dissociated into its subunits, catalytic activity is usually lost. If an enzyme is broken down into its component amino acids, its catalytic activity is always destroyed. Thus the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of protein enzymes are essential to their catalytic activity. En ...
reprint - Charles Brenner Laboratory
... Figure 1. Fuel oxidation by mitochondria. Complete oxidation of pyruvate is depicted. Progression through the citric acid cycle depends on free coA, ADP and the reoxidation of NADH and FADH2 by the electron transport chain (ETC). The net result is fuel utilization, CO2 production (not shown) and ATP ...
... Figure 1. Fuel oxidation by mitochondria. Complete oxidation of pyruvate is depicted. Progression through the citric acid cycle depends on free coA, ADP and the reoxidation of NADH and FADH2 by the electron transport chain (ETC). The net result is fuel utilization, CO2 production (not shown) and ATP ...
Metabolic implications of methionine excess. Effects of
... a continuous « flow » of pyruvate coming from methionine degradation in adapted animals (Daniel and Waisman, 1969 ; Simpson and Freedland, 1975). In this hypothesis, the pyruvate formed would participate, via acetyl-CoA, in the Krebs cycle and/or lipogenesis, whose activity would be maintained. Only ...
... a continuous « flow » of pyruvate coming from methionine degradation in adapted animals (Daniel and Waisman, 1969 ; Simpson and Freedland, 1975). In this hypothesis, the pyruvate formed would participate, via acetyl-CoA, in the Krebs cycle and/or lipogenesis, whose activity would be maintained. Only ...
THE EVOLUTION OF ACETYL-CoA SYNTHASE 1
... CH3 -S-CoM. This thioether reacts with Coenzyme B to generate CH4 and the heterodisulfide CoM-SS-CoB. CoM-SS-CoB is the terminal electron acceptor used in oxidative phosphorylation. The anabolic needs of these cells are met by synthesizing acetyl-coenzyme A using the Acetyl-CoA (or Wood-Ljungdahl) p ...
... CH3 -S-CoM. This thioether reacts with Coenzyme B to generate CH4 and the heterodisulfide CoM-SS-CoB. CoM-SS-CoB is the terminal electron acceptor used in oxidative phosphorylation. The anabolic needs of these cells are met by synthesizing acetyl-coenzyme A using the Acetyl-CoA (or Wood-Ljungdahl) p ...
metabolic factors in fatigue
... exercise-induced rise in plasma free fatty acids. (Because free fatty acids and tryptophan compete for binding sites on albumin in the plasma, the lower free fatty acid level during exercise with carbohydrate ingestion attenuates the rise in the free tryptophan-BCAA ratio (Davis et al., 1992).) Reac ...
... exercise-induced rise in plasma free fatty acids. (Because free fatty acids and tryptophan compete for binding sites on albumin in the plasma, the lower free fatty acid level during exercise with carbohydrate ingestion attenuates the rise in the free tryptophan-BCAA ratio (Davis et al., 1992).) Reac ...
Glucose metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi
... Glucose is taken up via one facilitated transporter and its catabolism by the glycolytic pathway leads to the excretion of reduced products, succinate and l‑alanine, even in the presence of oxygen; the first six enzymes are located in a peroxisome‑like organelle, the glycosome, and the lack of regul ...
... Glucose is taken up via one facilitated transporter and its catabolism by the glycolytic pathway leads to the excretion of reduced products, succinate and l‑alanine, even in the presence of oxygen; the first six enzymes are located in a peroxisome‑like organelle, the glycosome, and the lack of regul ...
Nutrition Nutrient – a substance that promotes normal growth
... Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation ...
... Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation ...
-portal.org Journal of Molecular Biology
... can play key roles in helical hairpin stabilization. While many studies addressing the formation of helical hairpins in membranes have been carried out on model hydrophobic TM segments, 6–9 naturally occurring helical hairpins are not always highly hydrophobic, 10 and the role of helix–helix interac ...
... can play key roles in helical hairpin stabilization. While many studies addressing the formation of helical hairpins in membranes have been carried out on model hydrophobic TM segments, 6–9 naturally occurring helical hairpins are not always highly hydrophobic, 10 and the role of helix–helix interac ...
FOOD FOR FUEL!
... breathing or circulation, the ATP stores are not exhausted. After death (when the breathing and heart both stop), this does not mean death occurs at the cellular level. In fact, the cells can carry on regenerating ATP (i.e. energy) from stored energy sources such as carbohydrate and fat for many hou ...
... breathing or circulation, the ATP stores are not exhausted. After death (when the breathing and heart both stop), this does not mean death occurs at the cellular level. In fact, the cells can carry on regenerating ATP (i.e. energy) from stored energy sources such as carbohydrate and fat for many hou ...
Biochemistry 304 2014 Student Edition Glycolysis Lectures
... Pyruvate kinase controls the outflow from the glycolysis pathway. It is the third irreversible step. This final step yields ATP and pyruvate. Several mammalian isozymes of tetramer enzyme: L-form predominates in liver M-form predominates in muscle and brain ...
... Pyruvate kinase controls the outflow from the glycolysis pathway. It is the third irreversible step. This final step yields ATP and pyruvate. Several mammalian isozymes of tetramer enzyme: L-form predominates in liver M-form predominates in muscle and brain ...
Lactic Acid : Brief History
... cycle (TCA cycle), or the Krebs cycle, is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation ...
... cycle (TCA cycle), or the Krebs cycle, is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation ...
Placental Transporters Relevant to Drug Distribution across the
... fetus is also of serious health concern. One of the pivotal functions of the placenta is to provide essential nutrients to the developing fetus from the mother, but it is generally assumed that the placental barrier protects the fetus by restricting the passage of harmful chemicals. Unfortunately, t ...
... fetus is also of serious health concern. One of the pivotal functions of the placenta is to provide essential nutrients to the developing fetus from the mother, but it is generally assumed that the placental barrier protects the fetus by restricting the passage of harmful chemicals. Unfortunately, t ...
Phospholipid synthesis in Borrelia burgdorferi: BB0249 and BB0721
... (68–74 %) of the total phospholipids, whereas PG with an RF value of 0?75±0?08 made up a smaller component (26–32 %) (Fig. 1b). None of the membrane extracts from the borrelial species contained PE. TLC of the lipid extractions revealed an unidentified lipid in all of the tested borrelial strains th ...
... (68–74 %) of the total phospholipids, whereas PG with an RF value of 0?75±0?08 made up a smaller component (26–32 %) (Fig. 1b). None of the membrane extracts from the borrelial species contained PE. TLC of the lipid extractions revealed an unidentified lipid in all of the tested borrelial strains th ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.