Photo Album
... Figure 3.9 Anaplerotic reactions are required for net synthesis of glutamate, glutamine, and aspartate and for normal synaptic transmission. (A) Net synthesis of TCA cycle-derived amino acids requires the ATP-dependent CO2 fixation reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase to generate oxaloacetate ...
... Figure 3.9 Anaplerotic reactions are required for net synthesis of glutamate, glutamine, and aspartate and for normal synaptic transmission. (A) Net synthesis of TCA cycle-derived amino acids requires the ATP-dependent CO2 fixation reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase to generate oxaloacetate ...
Full-Text PDF
... phospholipid bilayer. Individually, such noncovalent bonds are weak, but the frequency at which the methyl groups and ester carbonyl oxygens repeat along the cPHB backbone allows each polymer molecule to have multiple interactions. The number and strength of these bonds would be determined by the pr ...
... phospholipid bilayer. Individually, such noncovalent bonds are weak, but the frequency at which the methyl groups and ester carbonyl oxygens repeat along the cPHB backbone allows each polymer molecule to have multiple interactions. The number and strength of these bonds would be determined by the pr ...
enzymes in poultry nutrition - Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences
... The biggest single expense in any system of poultry production is feed accounting for up to 70% of total production cost per bird. Poultry naturally produces enzymes to aid the digestion of feed nutrients. However, they do not have enzyme to break down fibre completely and need exogenous enzymes in ...
... The biggest single expense in any system of poultry production is feed accounting for up to 70% of total production cost per bird. Poultry naturally produces enzymes to aid the digestion of feed nutrients. However, they do not have enzyme to break down fibre completely and need exogenous enzymes in ...
Anatomy of the red cell membrane skeleton: unanswered questions
... and actin-associated proteins that laminates the inner membrane surface and attaches to the overlying lipid bilayer via band 3-containing multi-protein complexes at the ankyrin and actin binding ends of spectrin. The membrane skeleton strengthens the lipid bilayer and endows the membrane with the du ...
... and actin-associated proteins that laminates the inner membrane surface and attaches to the overlying lipid bilayer via band 3-containing multi-protein complexes at the ankyrin and actin binding ends of spectrin. The membrane skeleton strengthens the lipid bilayer and endows the membrane with the du ...
Document
... • The reaction occurs in two steps and requires ATP, coenzyme A and Mg2+ • Fatty acid reacts with ATP to form acyladenylate which then combines with coenzyme A to produce acyl CoA. • Two high energy phosphates are utilized, since ATP is converted to pyrophosphate (PPi). • The enzyme inorganic pyroph ...
... • The reaction occurs in two steps and requires ATP, coenzyme A and Mg2+ • Fatty acid reacts with ATP to form acyladenylate which then combines with coenzyme A to produce acyl CoA. • Two high energy phosphates are utilized, since ATP is converted to pyrophosphate (PPi). • The enzyme inorganic pyroph ...
biotransformation - University of California, Berkeley
... The developments of the industrial revolution stimulated a rise in many occupational diseases. Percival Pott in 1775 recognized the role of soot in scrotal cancer among chimney sweeps and the problem was solved by instructing chimney sweeps to clean themselves after work. The causative agents were p ...
... The developments of the industrial revolution stimulated a rise in many occupational diseases. Percival Pott in 1775 recognized the role of soot in scrotal cancer among chimney sweeps and the problem was solved by instructing chimney sweeps to clean themselves after work. The causative agents were p ...
Diabetes and Mitochondria
... complications remain elusive. Mitochondrion contains double-membrane organelles with multiple essential cellular functions. The mitochondria-specific proteins are encoded and con-trolled by both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes [2]. Mitochondria are always recognized for the role in generating ...
... complications remain elusive. Mitochondrion contains double-membrane organelles with multiple essential cellular functions. The mitochondria-specific proteins are encoded and con-trolled by both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes [2]. Mitochondria are always recognized for the role in generating ...
Table of Contents - Appanna Lab
... stress. Enzyme activity analysis revealed the up-regulation of several key enzymes most importantly isocitrate lyase (ICL) and acylating glyoxyalate dehydrogenase (AGODH). These enzymes were a part of a specific pathway within the TCA cycle which saw a large production of oxalate in the stress spent ...
... stress. Enzyme activity analysis revealed the up-regulation of several key enzymes most importantly isocitrate lyase (ICL) and acylating glyoxyalate dehydrogenase (AGODH). These enzymes were a part of a specific pathway within the TCA cycle which saw a large production of oxalate in the stress spent ...
Mitochondrial Metabolism in Aging Heart
... and areas of fibrosis. There are increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are considered to be of mitochondrial origin and lead to increased cell loss. The uptake of fatty acids through the sarcolemma is augmented because of an increase in the amount of transport protein, CD36, but fatty acid ...
... and areas of fibrosis. There are increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are considered to be of mitochondrial origin and lead to increased cell loss. The uptake of fatty acids through the sarcolemma is augmented because of an increase in the amount of transport protein, CD36, but fatty acid ...
Elucidating Substrate and Inhibitor Binding Sites on the Surface of
... in green. The positive ends of the residues that form the putative PO32− binding cavity are indicated in blue. The ATP molecule is colored by atom type, with the Mg2+ ion colored black. Note that Q89, N95 and F93 form the bottom and a “wall” of a surface cavity located between the 89–95 loop and the ...
... in green. The positive ends of the residues that form the putative PO32− binding cavity are indicated in blue. The ATP molecule is colored by atom type, with the Mg2+ ion colored black. Note that Q89, N95 and F93 form the bottom and a “wall” of a surface cavity located between the 89–95 loop and the ...
Sequence-based predictions of membrane-protein topology, homology and insertion
... Life is a complex thing (Keyes 1966). During the short time a biological cell spends on earth before dividing itself into two new cells, or worse, committing suicide (Hengartner 2000), a myriad of biochemical reactions will have taken place, each of which is required for the development, survival an ...
... Life is a complex thing (Keyes 1966). During the short time a biological cell spends on earth before dividing itself into two new cells, or worse, committing suicide (Hengartner 2000), a myriad of biochemical reactions will have taken place, each of which is required for the development, survival an ...
SODIUM-COUPLED TRANSPORTERS FOR KREBS CYCLE
... similar to the one found in rabbit kidney (58). The rat transporter has an apparent Km for methylsuccinate of 130 µM (58) and a Km for α-ketoglutarate of 158 µM (14). Aside from the difference in substrate affinity, the apical membrane transporters in rat and rabbit are very similar in their sodium ...
... similar to the one found in rabbit kidney (58). The rat transporter has an apparent Km for methylsuccinate of 130 µM (58) and a Km for α-ketoglutarate of 158 µM (14). Aside from the difference in substrate affinity, the apical membrane transporters in rat and rabbit are very similar in their sodium ...
NSC 207 - National Open University of Nigeria
... 3. A lot of energy is derived aerobically by means of TCA cycle and electron transport chain. The entry point to this oxidative pathway is acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA), which is formed inside mitochondria by the oxidative decarboxylation of Pyruvate: Pyruvate + NAD + + CoA AcetylcoA + CO 2 + NADH ...
... 3. A lot of energy is derived aerobically by means of TCA cycle and electron transport chain. The entry point to this oxidative pathway is acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA), which is formed inside mitochondria by the oxidative decarboxylation of Pyruvate: Pyruvate + NAD + + CoA AcetylcoA + CO 2 + NADH ...
Role of NAD+-Dependent Malate Dehydrogenase in the Metabolism
... the alphaproteobacterial methanotrophs, such as Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, assimilating carbon via the serine pathway with the formation of C2 and C3 compounds as primary intermediates; however, the activity of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase was rather low [3]. The gammaproteobacterial methanotr ...
... the alphaproteobacterial methanotrophs, such as Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, assimilating carbon via the serine pathway with the formation of C2 and C3 compounds as primary intermediates; however, the activity of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase was rather low [3]. The gammaproteobacterial methanotr ...
Malonate decarboxylase of Pseudomonas putida is composed of
... duced amino acid sequence of the gene encoding malonate decarboxylase from K. pneumoniae. The Klebsiella enzyme, however, was composed of the four subunits K (MdcA), L (MdcD), Q (MdcE), and N (MdcC) lacking MdcH [6]. There are several discrepancies between Pseudomonas enzyme and Klebsiella enzyme in ...
... duced amino acid sequence of the gene encoding malonate decarboxylase from K. pneumoniae. The Klebsiella enzyme, however, was composed of the four subunits K (MdcA), L (MdcD), Q (MdcE), and N (MdcC) lacking MdcH [6]. There are several discrepancies between Pseudomonas enzyme and Klebsiella enzyme in ...
Lesson Overview
... • NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is a carrier molecule. • NADP+ accepts and holds two high-energy electrons, along with a hydrogen ion (H+). In this way, it is converted into NADPH. ...
... • NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is a carrier molecule. • NADP+ accepts and holds two high-energy electrons, along with a hydrogen ion (H+). In this way, it is converted into NADPH. ...
PLP-dependent Enzymes: a Powerful Tool for - Beilstein
... d-amino acid aminotransferase family corresponds to the fold type IV; the glycogen phosphorylase corresponds to fold type V. The glycogen phosphorylase family seems to be a totally unrelated example, in which PLP is used in a completely different way. In that case, in fact, the reaction chemistry oc ...
... d-amino acid aminotransferase family corresponds to the fold type IV; the glycogen phosphorylase corresponds to fold type V. The glycogen phosphorylase family seems to be a totally unrelated example, in which PLP is used in a completely different way. In that case, in fact, the reaction chemistry oc ...
Identification of prokaryotic homologues indicates an endosymbiotic
... Long thought to be specific to higher plants, AOX is now turning up also in many non-photosynthetic eukaryotes. It plays an important role in maintaining redox balance in blood stream-forms of trypanosomes (Chaudhuri et al., 1995). Cyanide-resistant respiration is also common among various lineages ...
... Long thought to be specific to higher plants, AOX is now turning up also in many non-photosynthetic eukaryotes. It plays an important role in maintaining redox balance in blood stream-forms of trypanosomes (Chaudhuri et al., 1995). Cyanide-resistant respiration is also common among various lineages ...
Enzyme inhibitor
... In drug design it is important to consider the concentrations of substrates to which the target enzymes are exposed. For example, some protein kinase inhibitors have chemical structures that are similar to adenosine triphosphate, one of the substrates of these enzymes. However, drugs that are simple ...
... In drug design it is important to consider the concentrations of substrates to which the target enzymes are exposed. For example, some protein kinase inhibitors have chemical structures that are similar to adenosine triphosphate, one of the substrates of these enzymes. However, drugs that are simple ...
Malate Dehydrogenase
... number of charged residues. There are 41 basis residues (31 lysines + 10 arginines) and 43 acidic residues (25 aspartates + 18 glutamates) in cMDH. In mMDH there are 25 lysines and 8 arginines for total of 33 basic residues, and 13 aspartates and 16 glutamates for a total of 29 acidic groups (Birkto ...
... number of charged residues. There are 41 basis residues (31 lysines + 10 arginines) and 43 acidic residues (25 aspartates + 18 glutamates) in cMDH. In mMDH there are 25 lysines and 8 arginines for total of 33 basic residues, and 13 aspartates and 16 glutamates for a total of 29 acidic groups (Birkto ...
Pineau B, Bourge M, Marion J, Mauve C, Gilard F, Maneta
... thaliana (Katayama et al., 2004), and mammals (Nowicki et al., 2005). In yeast, cls1 disrupted (crd1) mutants are viable, although they display reduced oxidative phosphorylation activities and mitochondrial membrane potential (Jiang et al., 1997; Zhong et al., 2004). CLs have been shown to bind with ...
... thaliana (Katayama et al., 2004), and mammals (Nowicki et al., 2005). In yeast, cls1 disrupted (crd1) mutants are viable, although they display reduced oxidative phosphorylation activities and mitochondrial membrane potential (Jiang et al., 1997; Zhong et al., 2004). CLs have been shown to bind with ...
Metabolic changes in the glucose-induced apoptotic blastocyst
... amounts of glucose are converted to lactate at the blastocyst stage in humans and rodents (14). In these species in particular, the embryo resides in the uterus for a relatively short time before implantation and the switch to an anaerobic metabolism is in response to the lack of adequate vasculariz ...
... amounts of glucose are converted to lactate at the blastocyst stage in humans and rodents (14). In these species in particular, the embryo resides in the uterus for a relatively short time before implantation and the switch to an anaerobic metabolism is in response to the lack of adequate vasculariz ...
Metabolic Acidosis
... L-Lactic Acidosis Overproduction of L-lactic Acid • Net production of L-lactic acid occurs when the body must regenerate ATP without oxygen • 1 H+ is produced per ATP regenerated from glucose • Because a patient will need to regenerate 72 mmol of ATP per minutes, As much as 72 mmol/min of H+ can be ...
... L-Lactic Acidosis Overproduction of L-lactic Acid • Net production of L-lactic acid occurs when the body must regenerate ATP without oxygen • 1 H+ is produced per ATP regenerated from glucose • Because a patient will need to regenerate 72 mmol of ATP per minutes, As much as 72 mmol/min of H+ can be ...
Haem biosynthesis and excretion of porphyrins
... the deaminase, starting with ring A and building round to ring D, to form the unrearranged bilane. The deaminase furnishes a straight-chain tetrapyrrole, hydroxymethylbilane, but it is not an enzyme for ring closure. The PBG deaminase contains, at its catalytic site, a dipyrrolomethane cofactor. The ...
... the deaminase, starting with ring A and building round to ring D, to form the unrearranged bilane. The deaminase furnishes a straight-chain tetrapyrrole, hydroxymethylbilane, but it is not an enzyme for ring closure. The PBG deaminase contains, at its catalytic site, a dipyrrolomethane cofactor. The ...
709 Reactive oxygen species in plants: their generation, signal
... H2O2 and O2˙ˉ as well as the ROS targets in plant cells (Jezek and Hlavata, 2005; Navrot et al., 2007). The mitochondrial ETC harbours electrons with sufficient free energy to directly reduce O2 which is considered as a primary source of ROS generation, a necessary accompaniment to aerobic respirati ...
... H2O2 and O2˙ˉ as well as the ROS targets in plant cells (Jezek and Hlavata, 2005; Navrot et al., 2007). The mitochondrial ETC harbours electrons with sufficient free energy to directly reduce O2 which is considered as a primary source of ROS generation, a necessary accompaniment to aerobic respirati ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.