![9.6 Respiration 4 (Control and other metabolites)](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/014070231_1-b06a3cb1c71b96911fdf698954d5ee21-300x300.png)
9.6 Respiration 4 (Control and other metabolites)
... • Regulation & coordination of production – final product is inhibitor of earlier step • allosteric inhibitor of earlier enzyme – no unnecessary accumulation of product – production is self-limiting ...
... • Regulation & coordination of production – final product is inhibitor of earlier step • allosteric inhibitor of earlier enzyme – no unnecessary accumulation of product – production is self-limiting ...
Worked Example 20.1
... remember that the compounds that are products in the original reaction are reactants in the reverse reaction and the compounds that are reactants in the original reaction are products in the reverse reaction. (We are assuming the reaction is directly reversible; this is not always true inside cells. ...
... remember that the compounds that are products in the original reaction are reactants in the reverse reaction and the compounds that are reactants in the original reaction are products in the reverse reaction. (We are assuming the reaction is directly reversible; this is not always true inside cells. ...
T06 Fermentations 2014
... A chemostat is used to produce microbial biomass for the purpose of recombinant protein production. Lactate (CH3-CHOH-COOH) from dairy wastewater is used as the substrate. The yield coefficient of the recombinant strain is 0.3 g of cells per g of lactate degraded. When interrupting the air flow the ...
... A chemostat is used to produce microbial biomass for the purpose of recombinant protein production. Lactate (CH3-CHOH-COOH) from dairy wastewater is used as the substrate. The yield coefficient of the recombinant strain is 0.3 g of cells per g of lactate degraded. When interrupting the air flow the ...
chemia simr01 en - Leszek Niedzicki
... • Bonds between two (or more) atoms can be created when it is beneficial for all atoms - in terms of obtaining fully occupied outermost electron subshell. Depending on the starting point - in which direction the target is closer - they can ‘accept’ (acceptor) electrons from other atoms or ‘donate’ ( ...
... • Bonds between two (or more) atoms can be created when it is beneficial for all atoms - in terms of obtaining fully occupied outermost electron subshell. Depending on the starting point - in which direction the target is closer - they can ‘accept’ (acceptor) electrons from other atoms or ‘donate’ ( ...
Ch 12
... from [Pi]=[ATP] = 5 mmol and [ADP]= 1 mmol • Problem 43: What is the actual free energy of ATP hydrolysis in the cell? More or less than ‐ 32 kJ? What does this mean, physiologically? ...
... from [Pi]=[ATP] = 5 mmol and [ADP]= 1 mmol • Problem 43: What is the actual free energy of ATP hydrolysis in the cell? More or less than ‐ 32 kJ? What does this mean, physiologically? ...
electron transport chain
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 int ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 int ...
Problem Set #3 Key
... (6 points) As a joke, Kalub made Chris a batch of “special” brownies containing an inhibitor of an enzyme associated with metabolism. After eating these delectable brownies, Chris finds that only moles of 48 ATP are being produced per mole of sucrose. Which enzyme does the inhibitor act upon? Be sur ...
... (6 points) As a joke, Kalub made Chris a batch of “special” brownies containing an inhibitor of an enzyme associated with metabolism. After eating these delectable brownies, Chris finds that only moles of 48 ATP are being produced per mole of sucrose. Which enzyme does the inhibitor act upon? Be sur ...
What are atoms? Notes - Riverdale Middle School
... – Ex. The human body is made mostly of water (H2O). Water is not an element because it can be broken into simpler substances of Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). Hydrogen and oxygen are elements. • An element is identified by the number of protons contained in each of its atoms. – Ex. Oxygen atoms contai ...
... – Ex. The human body is made mostly of water (H2O). Water is not an element because it can be broken into simpler substances of Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). Hydrogen and oxygen are elements. • An element is identified by the number of protons contained in each of its atoms. – Ex. Oxygen atoms contai ...
Sample Questions Chapters 9-10
... instead of to acetyl CoA. ____ 38. Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following? a. substrate-level phosphorylation b. chemiosmotic phosphorylation c. converting oxygen to ATP d. transferring electrons from organic molecules to pyruvate e. generating carbon diox ...
... instead of to acetyl CoA. ____ 38. Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following? a. substrate-level phosphorylation b. chemiosmotic phosphorylation c. converting oxygen to ATP d. transferring electrons from organic molecules to pyruvate e. generating carbon diox ...
Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules
... Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily – like a taxi re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions ...
... Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily – like a taxi re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions ...
Chapter 7 - Cell
... 23) What accepts the electrons from glucose FINALLY or at the end of the Electron Transport Chain in aerobic cell respiration? Oxygen accepts the electrons to form water from the original glucose. 24) Compare Glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, while Kreb’s cycle occurs ...
... 23) What accepts the electrons from glucose FINALLY or at the end of the Electron Transport Chain in aerobic cell respiration? Oxygen accepts the electrons to form water from the original glucose. 24) Compare Glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, while Kreb’s cycle occurs ...
Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways
... • Catabolic pathway (catabolism): breaking down of macromolecules. Releases energy which may be used to produce ATP. • Anabolic pathway (anabolism): building up of macromolecules. Requires energy from ATP. • Metabolism: the balance of catabolism and anabolism in the body. ...
... • Catabolic pathway (catabolism): breaking down of macromolecules. Releases energy which may be used to produce ATP. • Anabolic pathway (anabolism): building up of macromolecules. Requires energy from ATP. • Metabolism: the balance of catabolism and anabolism in the body. ...
Microbiology - Chapter 7 & 8
... Pseudomonas spp. Obligate anaerobes: require atmosphere with no O2 an organic molecule is final electron acceptor in catabolism (like a fermentation pathway) Clostrida - grow in “Brewer Jar” Facultative anaerobes: grow with or without O2, usually are also fermenters, like E. coli Microaerophile: gro ...
... Pseudomonas spp. Obligate anaerobes: require atmosphere with no O2 an organic molecule is final electron acceptor in catabolism (like a fermentation pathway) Clostrida - grow in “Brewer Jar” Facultative anaerobes: grow with or without O2, usually are also fermenters, like E. coli Microaerophile: gro ...
Chemistry of Glycolysis
... 3‐P DH is positive (+6.7 kJ/mole), the reaction proceeds to the right because A) triose phosphate isomerase supplies so much starting material. B) The product of the reaction is consumed as soon as it is made. C) there are too few molecules of starting material available. D) The Gibbs free energy is ...
... 3‐P DH is positive (+6.7 kJ/mole), the reaction proceeds to the right because A) triose phosphate isomerase supplies so much starting material. B) The product of the reaction is consumed as soon as it is made. C) there are too few molecules of starting material available. D) The Gibbs free energy is ...
A: Objective type questions: Choose the correct answers Most
... Low ATP stimulates the enzyme, but fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits b. High ATP stimulates the enzyme, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates c. High ATP stimulates the enzyme, but fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits d. Low ATP stimulates the enzyme, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates e. ATP ...
... Low ATP stimulates the enzyme, but fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits b. High ATP stimulates the enzyme, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates c. High ATP stimulates the enzyme, but fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits d. Low ATP stimulates the enzyme, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates e. ATP ...
PAP Chemistry - Fall Final Review
... 6. What did Rutherford discover from the Gold Foil Experiment – p.72 The nucleus and that the atom was mostly empty space 7. When is a bright-line spectrum produced by an atom? IE – How does an atom give off color (especially when burned)? The resting state or the ground state is when the electron i ...
... 6. What did Rutherford discover from the Gold Foil Experiment – p.72 The nucleus and that the atom was mostly empty space 7. When is a bright-line spectrum produced by an atom? IE – How does an atom give off color (especially when burned)? The resting state or the ground state is when the electron i ...
Cellular respiration *vs
... YES!! It is called “Fermentation.” • Sometimes we do not get as much oxygen to our cells as they prefer. If you remember the word anaerobic—means w/o oxygen--fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration. • Because there is no oxygen for use the ATP for energy is much less. This fermentation occur ...
... YES!! It is called “Fermentation.” • Sometimes we do not get as much oxygen to our cells as they prefer. If you remember the word anaerobic—means w/o oxygen--fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration. • Because there is no oxygen for use the ATP for energy is much less. This fermentation occur ...
Section 6 – Catalysis
... Conversion of an inactive enzyme to an active one Example Trypsinogen – Trypsin Trypsinogen is synthesised in the Pancreas Activation occurs when trypsinogen has amino acids removed in the duodenum by another protease enzyme This changes the trypsinogen into the active form trypsin Trypsin then help ...
... Conversion of an inactive enzyme to an active one Example Trypsinogen – Trypsin Trypsinogen is synthesised in the Pancreas Activation occurs when trypsinogen has amino acids removed in the duodenum by another protease enzyme This changes the trypsinogen into the active form trypsin Trypsin then help ...
Lecture #8 - Faculty Web Sites at the University of Virginia
... shape of the tetramer, which leads to a change in the strain on the other heme groups, which leads to more favorable binding for the other three sites. This allows easier release of oxygen for small changes in localized tissue oxygen saturation levels (pO2); a demonstration of a cooperative alloster ...
... shape of the tetramer, which leads to a change in the strain on the other heme groups, which leads to more favorable binding for the other three sites. This allows easier release of oxygen for small changes in localized tissue oxygen saturation levels (pO2); a demonstration of a cooperative alloster ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Fates of Pyruvate from glycolysis (2
... Metabolism—the sum of all biochemical reactions in an organism or cell. a) anabolic—synthesis of compounds; an example is photosynthesis b) catabolic—breakdown of compounds; an example is cellular respiration Metabolic pathways—are the steps (enzymes, substrates and products) used or followed to con ...
... Metabolism—the sum of all biochemical reactions in an organism or cell. a) anabolic—synthesis of compounds; an example is photosynthesis b) catabolic—breakdown of compounds; an example is cellular respiration Metabolic pathways—are the steps (enzymes, substrates and products) used or followed to con ...
Time: 1.5 hour
... 19. Which of the following is required for conversion of 3-PGAL and dihydroxy acetone phosphate to fructose 1,6-diphosphate? (a) Hexokinase (b) Phosphatase (c) Aldolase (d) Transketolase 20. During anaerobic respiration in yeast: (a) H2O, CO2 and energy are the only end products (b) H2O, C6H12O6 and ...
... 19. Which of the following is required for conversion of 3-PGAL and dihydroxy acetone phosphate to fructose 1,6-diphosphate? (a) Hexokinase (b) Phosphatase (c) Aldolase (d) Transketolase 20. During anaerobic respiration in yeast: (a) H2O, CO2 and energy are the only end products (b) H2O, C6H12O6 and ...
Chapter 29 The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways
... Breakdown of Smaller Molecules Sugars and fat components are broken down in steps ...
... Breakdown of Smaller Molecules Sugars and fat components are broken down in steps ...
RG 6 - Digestion and Respiration
... 3. Which animals exhibit a simple gastrovascular cavity? Define gastrovascular cavity. 4. What might be an advantage of a digestive system? 5. What is the purpose of villi and microvilli in the small intestine? 6. Study Table 39.3 for the list of the major digestive enzymes of humans, the substrates ...
... 3. Which animals exhibit a simple gastrovascular cavity? Define gastrovascular cavity. 4. What might be an advantage of a digestive system? 5. What is the purpose of villi and microvilli in the small intestine? 6. Study Table 39.3 for the list of the major digestive enzymes of humans, the substrates ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.