Final Examination
... 18. The chemiosmotic hypothesis postulated that utilization of electron transport for generation of ATP by mitochondria requires a high energy phosphate intermediate This was never found and that fact was part the reason why this hypothesis was made a chemical gradient as an intermediate a dir ...
... 18. The chemiosmotic hypothesis postulated that utilization of electron transport for generation of ATP by mitochondria requires a high energy phosphate intermediate This was never found and that fact was part the reason why this hypothesis was made a chemical gradient as an intermediate a dir ...
09_Lecture_Presentation
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 int ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 int ...
I. ATP is Universal
... 7.1 Cellular respiration is a redox reaction that requires O2 A. Cellular respiration is similar to respiration, but at the cellular level. B. Cellular respiration is a redox reaction. C. Hydrogen atoms are removed from glucose, resulting in carbon dioxide. Oxygen receives the hydrogen atoms and bec ...
... 7.1 Cellular respiration is a redox reaction that requires O2 A. Cellular respiration is similar to respiration, but at the cellular level. B. Cellular respiration is a redox reaction. C. Hydrogen atoms are removed from glucose, resulting in carbon dioxide. Oxygen receives the hydrogen atoms and bec ...
2002
... 16. Membrane fluidity increases with increase in temperature because 1) cholesterol prevents the binding of hydrocarbon chains. 2) it becomes more permeable to water and other molecules. 3) fatty acyl side chains undergo transition from get like state to a mobile state. 4) the lateral movement of i ...
... 16. Membrane fluidity increases with increase in temperature because 1) cholesterol prevents the binding of hydrocarbon chains. 2) it becomes more permeable to water and other molecules. 3) fatty acyl side chains undergo transition from get like state to a mobile state. 4) the lateral movement of i ...
File
... used as carbon skeletons for synthesis of amino acids and other molecules; or converted to sucrose, which can be transported out of the leaf to another part of the plant When glucose accumulates, it is linked to form starch, a ...
... used as carbon skeletons for synthesis of amino acids and other molecules; or converted to sucrose, which can be transported out of the leaf to another part of the plant When glucose accumulates, it is linked to form starch, a ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... a) They depend only upon glycolysis for energy production (=2 ATP). b) Lactate is always the end product. 2. Glucose uptake by RBCs is independent on insulin hormone. 3. Reduction of met-hemoglobin: Glycolysis produces NADH+H+, which used for reduction of met-hemoglobin in red cells. ...
... a) They depend only upon glycolysis for energy production (=2 ATP). b) Lactate is always the end product. 2. Glucose uptake by RBCs is independent on insulin hormone. 3. Reduction of met-hemoglobin: Glycolysis produces NADH+H+, which used for reduction of met-hemoglobin in red cells. ...
Bio 210 Cell Chemistry Lecture 9 “Krebs Cycle”
... pyruvate + NAD+ + coenzyme A ----> acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ (1) pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrion (2) pyruvate is oxidized to a 2 C compound (acetate) with loss of CO2 (3) the acetate is linked to coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA (4) NAD+ is reduced in the reaction to form NADH + H+ F ...
... pyruvate + NAD+ + coenzyme A ----> acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ (1) pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrion (2) pyruvate is oxidized to a 2 C compound (acetate) with loss of CO2 (3) the acetate is linked to coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA (4) NAD+ is reduced in the reaction to form NADH + H+ F ...
Chemistry -- Oxidation
... reduced? How many electrons? 2. C atom goes from -2 to -4. Oxidized or reduced? How many electrons? 3. An atom goes from +5 to +3. Oxidized or reduced? How many electrons? 4. An atom goes from -6 to -1. Oxidized or reduced? How many electrons? ...
... reduced? How many electrons? 2. C atom goes from -2 to -4. Oxidized or reduced? How many electrons? 3. An atom goes from +5 to +3. Oxidized or reduced? How many electrons? 4. An atom goes from -6 to -1. Oxidized or reduced? How many electrons? ...
Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism
... ATP molecules. The remaining 60% of the energy is b. lost as heat because of the second law of thermodynamics (149) 14. An endergonic reaction could be described as one that will b. produce products with more free energy than the reactants (146) 15. What is most directly responsible for the specific ...
... ATP molecules. The remaining 60% of the energy is b. lost as heat because of the second law of thermodynamics (149) 14. An endergonic reaction could be described as one that will b. produce products with more free energy than the reactants (146) 15. What is most directly responsible for the specific ...
Chapter 9
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 int ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 int ...
Chapter 26 - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... proteins and cytochromes (5 enzymes with iron cofactors) ...
... proteins and cytochromes (5 enzymes with iron cofactors) ...
Enzymes - Solon City Schools
... • Go back to the beginning of your notes. Talk with your table partner as you go back through the notes together. • Discuss the BIG CONCEPTS like: – How can protein structure be changed? – How do enzymes work? – How are enzymes named? – How do enzymes catalyze reactions? – What can cause enzymes to ...
... • Go back to the beginning of your notes. Talk with your table partner as you go back through the notes together. • Discuss the BIG CONCEPTS like: – How can protein structure be changed? – How do enzymes work? – How are enzymes named? – How do enzymes catalyze reactions? – What can cause enzymes to ...
Energy Systems
... Provides ATP very quickly but is inefficient because of lactic acid build up in muscles and blood. Lactic acid contributes to muscle fatigue and exhaustion. Lactic Acid can take up to 2 hours to be removed from bloodstream. Typical event is 400m run. ...
... Provides ATP very quickly but is inefficient because of lactic acid build up in muscles and blood. Lactic acid contributes to muscle fatigue and exhaustion. Lactic Acid can take up to 2 hours to be removed from bloodstream. Typical event is 400m run. ...
Text S1.
... The endpoint of adaptive evolution as characterized above was compared to optimal behavior predicted by performing FBA on our genome-scale model. During the very first simulations, however, we noticed that very high biomass yields could be obtained, with concomitant production of only CO2 and water ...
... The endpoint of adaptive evolution as characterized above was compared to optimal behavior predicted by performing FBA on our genome-scale model. During the very first simulations, however, we noticed that very high biomass yields could be obtained, with concomitant production of only CO2 and water ...
Atomic Structure Notes
... Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808) 1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms. 2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass and chemical properties. 3. The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements. 4. Atoms of one elemen ...
... Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808) 1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms. 2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass and chemical properties. 3. The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements. 4. Atoms of one elemen ...
Crustacean Physiology in Ribeirão Preto
... Acetyl CoA brings acetyl units into the citric acid cycle, where they are completely oxidized to CO2. Four pairs of electrons are transferred (three to NAD+ and one to FAD) for each acetyl group that is oxidized. Then, a proton gradient is generated as electrons flow from the reduced forms of these ...
... Acetyl CoA brings acetyl units into the citric acid cycle, where they are completely oxidized to CO2. Four pairs of electrons are transferred (three to NAD+ and one to FAD) for each acetyl group that is oxidized. Then, a proton gradient is generated as electrons flow from the reduced forms of these ...
LECT23 Enz1
... chemical change as a result of the enzyme 3. Enzyme activity: A measure of the enzymes catalytic effectiveness as manifested by the rate of the reaction catalyzed. 4. Cofactor: A component that works with the enzyme in effecting catalysis. Literally, any chemical factors the assists the activity of ...
... chemical change as a result of the enzyme 3. Enzyme activity: A measure of the enzymes catalytic effectiveness as manifested by the rate of the reaction catalyzed. 4. Cofactor: A component that works with the enzyme in effecting catalysis. Literally, any chemical factors the assists the activity of ...
METABOLISM CATABOLISM AND ANABOLISM ATP MOLECULE
... enzyme complexes pump protons from matrix into space between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes creates steep electrochemical gradient for H+ across inner mitochondrial membrane ...
... enzyme complexes pump protons from matrix into space between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes creates steep electrochemical gradient for H+ across inner mitochondrial membrane ...
Unit 2 Review
... • Citric acid cycle: For each acetyl-CoA that enters the cycle, the end result is 2 CO2 as waste, 3 NADH, 3 H+, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 1 CoA that is recycled. • Electron transfer system and oxidative phosphorylation: Oxidation of 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 that are produced from 1 glucose in the above reactio ...
... • Citric acid cycle: For each acetyl-CoA that enters the cycle, the end result is 2 CO2 as waste, 3 NADH, 3 H+, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 1 CoA that is recycled. • Electron transfer system and oxidative phosphorylation: Oxidation of 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 that are produced from 1 glucose in the above reactio ...
Final Exam: Multiple Choice Portion Biochem Block Spring 2016
... C) glucose is produced from carbon dioxide D) electrons flow from NADH to oxygen, producing ATP 25. Which statement describes best what happens in the citric acid cycle? A) citrate condenses to form a protein B) glucose is cleaved into two molecules of pyruvate, releasing energy C) acetyl CoA is oxi ...
... C) glucose is produced from carbon dioxide D) electrons flow from NADH to oxygen, producing ATP 25. Which statement describes best what happens in the citric acid cycle? A) citrate condenses to form a protein B) glucose is cleaved into two molecules of pyruvate, releasing energy C) acetyl CoA is oxi ...
Cellular Respiration Power Point
... Animal Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration • Polysaccharides can be broken down to monosaccharides and then converted to glucose for glycolysis • Proteins can be digested to amino acids, which are chemically altered and then used in the Krebs cycle • Fats are ...
... Animal Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration • Polysaccharides can be broken down to monosaccharides and then converted to glucose for glycolysis • Proteins can be digested to amino acids, which are chemically altered and then used in the Krebs cycle • Fats are ...
Exam Review - hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca
... 25. Rutherford's observation that a gold fail scatters some alpha particle through angles greater than 90º enabled him to conclude that a) all atoms are electrically neutral. b) the nucleus of the atom contains the positive charge. c) an electron has a very small mass. d) electrons are a part of al ...
... 25. Rutherford's observation that a gold fail scatters some alpha particle through angles greater than 90º enabled him to conclude that a) all atoms are electrically neutral. b) the nucleus of the atom contains the positive charge. c) an electron has a very small mass. d) electrons are a part of al ...
Principles of Metabolic Regulation
... – Principles of regulation in biological systems – Glycolysis vs. gluconeogenesis? ...
... – Principles of regulation in biological systems – Glycolysis vs. gluconeogenesis? ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.