Metabolism - rci.rutgers.edu
... Electron carriers transfer energy to an acceptor Electrons lose energy as they are transferred between acceptors Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a common hydrogen acceptor in respiratory and photosynthetic pathways Nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) is involved in photosynth ...
... Electron carriers transfer energy to an acceptor Electrons lose energy as they are transferred between acceptors Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a common hydrogen acceptor in respiratory and photosynthetic pathways Nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) is involved in photosynth ...
Cellular Respiration Review
... What are the number and type of input molecules for glycolysis? What molecule gets reduced during glycolysis? What molecule gets oxidized during glycolysis? What are the number and type of output molecules for glycolysis? How is each output molecule from glycolysis used? What is the net gain of ATP ...
... What are the number and type of input molecules for glycolysis? What molecule gets reduced during glycolysis? What molecule gets oxidized during glycolysis? What are the number and type of output molecules for glycolysis? How is each output molecule from glycolysis used? What is the net gain of ATP ...
Membranes - gcate.org
... It moves molecules against a concentration gradient. The energy is provided by ATP or adenosine triphosphate ATP ...
... It moves molecules against a concentration gradient. The energy is provided by ATP or adenosine triphosphate ATP ...
Nutrient Role in Bioenergetics
... Organism transforms the chemical energy into a form it can use. ...
... Organism transforms the chemical energy into a form it can use. ...
how cells obtain energy from food
... grow. This is thermodynamically possible only because of a continual input of energy, part of which must be released from the cells to their environment as heat that disorders the surroundings. The only chemical reactions possible are those that increase the total amount of disorder in the universe. ...
... grow. This is thermodynamically possible only because of a continual input of energy, part of which must be released from the cells to their environment as heat that disorders the surroundings. The only chemical reactions possible are those that increase the total amount of disorder in the universe. ...
Chapter 2-3 PPT
... c. they contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. d. their R groups can be either acidic or basic. ...
... c. they contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. d. their R groups can be either acidic or basic. ...
Bacterial Classification
... Glucose + Pi Glucose-6-PO4 + H2O ΔG = +13.8 kJ/mol, Keq = 5 x 10-3 ATP + H20 ADP + Pi ΔG = -30.5 kJ/mol, Keq = 4 x 105 Glucose + ATP Glucose-6-PO4 + ADP ΔG = (-30.5 kJ/mol) + (+13.8 kJ/mol) = -16.7 kJ/mol ...
... Glucose + Pi Glucose-6-PO4 + H2O ΔG = +13.8 kJ/mol, Keq = 5 x 10-3 ATP + H20 ADP + Pi ΔG = -30.5 kJ/mol, Keq = 4 x 105 Glucose + ATP Glucose-6-PO4 + ADP ΔG = (-30.5 kJ/mol) + (+13.8 kJ/mol) = -16.7 kJ/mol ...
ppt-4-dna-proteins-binding-and-ligands
... of the correct substrate unless the binding of competitor is irreversible. ...
... of the correct substrate unless the binding of competitor is irreversible. ...
Practice Exam 1
... exam. The best way to use each exam is as follows. 1. Do NOT answer the questions as a problem set. 2. Study material using your lecture and lab notes and do problem sets FIRST. 3. When you feel you are fairly prepared, put away all of your notes and sit down in a quiet place where you will not be i ...
... exam. The best way to use each exam is as follows. 1. Do NOT answer the questions as a problem set. 2. Study material using your lecture and lab notes and do problem sets FIRST. 3. When you feel you are fairly prepared, put away all of your notes and sit down in a quiet place where you will not be i ...
Environmental factors that induce oxidative stress
... 2) Chemical transformations e.g. alcohol dehydrogenase, fatty acid desaturase (introduces double bonds into fatty acids). 3) Detoxification-the conversion of the predominantly lipid-soluble toxic compounds present in our environment (e.g. DDT, many drugs) into water-soluble derivatives that can then ...
... 2) Chemical transformations e.g. alcohol dehydrogenase, fatty acid desaturase (introduces double bonds into fatty acids). 3) Detoxification-the conversion of the predominantly lipid-soluble toxic compounds present in our environment (e.g. DDT, many drugs) into water-soluble derivatives that can then ...
BIO C211 - BITS Pilani
... 1. Classification of vitamins 2. Structures and functions of some important vitamins. D. Biochemical Energetics 3 Ch. 1. The concept of free energy 2. Energy rich compounds 3. Coupling of reactions 4. Oxidation-Reduction E. Carbohydrate Metabolism 9 Ch. 1. Glycolysis 2. Reversal of Glycolytic sequen ...
... 1. Classification of vitamins 2. Structures and functions of some important vitamins. D. Biochemical Energetics 3 Ch. 1. The concept of free energy 2. Energy rich compounds 3. Coupling of reactions 4. Oxidation-Reduction E. Carbohydrate Metabolism 9 Ch. 1. Glycolysis 2. Reversal of Glycolytic sequen ...
LAB 6 – Fermentation & Cellular Respiration INTRODUCTION
... As shown above, NAD+, an empty electron carrier, is converted to NADH, a full electron carrier (the electrons being “carried” are associated with the hydrogen atom) during glycolysis. Fermentation is simply one or more biochemical steps that transfer the H in NADH and an extra electron to a molecule ...
... As shown above, NAD+, an empty electron carrier, is converted to NADH, a full electron carrier (the electrons being “carried” are associated with the hydrogen atom) during glycolysis. Fermentation is simply one or more biochemical steps that transfer the H in NADH and an extra electron to a molecule ...
2. Citric acid cycle
... • lots of energy harvested • released in stages • so far, 4 ATP – made by substrate phosphorylation – not as efficient • now, many ATP – made by oxidative phosphorylation ...
... • lots of energy harvested • released in stages • so far, 4 ATP – made by substrate phosphorylation – not as efficient • now, many ATP – made by oxidative phosphorylation ...
userfiles/153/my files/09_lecture_presentation 2015?id=1069
... Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through the protein complex, ATP synthase ATP synthase uses the exe ...
... Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through the protein complex, ATP synthase ATP synthase uses the exe ...
Chem331 Lect 14 Membranes
... Charged Molecule: Dependent on electrochemical potential Transport Across Membranes FACILITATED DIFFUSION: Passive diffusion is too slow to sustain most biochemical processes Facilitated diffusion occurs via proteins with net movement of solvent happening in a thermodynamically favored direction (dG ...
... Charged Molecule: Dependent on electrochemical potential Transport Across Membranes FACILITATED DIFFUSION: Passive diffusion is too slow to sustain most biochemical processes Facilitated diffusion occurs via proteins with net movement of solvent happening in a thermodynamically favored direction (dG ...
lecture 6, cellular respiration, 031709
... matter from inorganic nutrients including carbon dioxide, water, and minerals from the soil. • Animals are heterotrophs (other-feeders) that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones—they must eat to obtain nutrients ...
... matter from inorganic nutrients including carbon dioxide, water, and minerals from the soil. • Animals are heterotrophs (other-feeders) that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones—they must eat to obtain nutrients ...
Energy and Respiration
... The ability of iron to form complexes plays an important in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the hemoglobin of the blood ...
... The ability of iron to form complexes plays an important in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the hemoglobin of the blood ...
1 - Intro to energy
... enzyme ATPase to produce ADP + Pi (ADP = adenosine diphosphate + phosphate group) In this reaction the bonds between the final phosphate group is broken, releasing energy ...
... enzyme ATPase to produce ADP + Pi (ADP = adenosine diphosphate + phosphate group) In this reaction the bonds between the final phosphate group is broken, releasing energy ...
b-Oxidation of fatty acids
... 3. 11 residues from number 70 - 80 lining a hydrophobic crevice have remained virtually unchanged throughout all cytochrome c regardless of species or even kingdom. 4. A number of invariant arginine and lysine clusters can be found on the surface of the molecule. Cytochrome c has a dual function in ...
... 3. 11 residues from number 70 - 80 lining a hydrophobic crevice have remained virtually unchanged throughout all cytochrome c regardless of species or even kingdom. 4. A number of invariant arginine and lysine clusters can be found on the surface of the molecule. Cytochrome c has a dual function in ...
Fuel Metabolism
... For example, entry into a torpor bout triggers the upregulation of fatty acid binding proteins (that provide intracellular transport of fatty acids) and of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) kinase, the enzyme that phosphorylates and ...
... For example, entry into a torpor bout triggers the upregulation of fatty acid binding proteins (that provide intracellular transport of fatty acids) and of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) kinase, the enzyme that phosphorylates and ...
A&P Chapter 2
... The amount of particles in the body and the normal temperature are not high enough to trigger a life-sustaining rate of chemical reactions. Catalysts: Substances that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the body by lowering the amount of activation energy needed to start the reactions. ...
... The amount of particles in the body and the normal temperature are not high enough to trigger a life-sustaining rate of chemical reactions. Catalysts: Substances that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the body by lowering the amount of activation energy needed to start the reactions. ...
2chap9guidedreadingVideo
... chemistry the electrons in redox reactions are usually between C and H so if a carbon compound has H in it, it is reduced and has potential energy. ...
... chemistry the electrons in redox reactions are usually between C and H so if a carbon compound has H in it, it is reduced and has potential energy. ...
Chapter 9
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.