AP Biology
... 2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent. ...
... 2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent. ...
COVALENT BOND - hovanscience
... minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction • Enzymes are catalysts which speed up chemical reactions • Enzymes are proteins that lower activation energy and allow reactions to occur at ...
... minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction • Enzymes are catalysts which speed up chemical reactions • Enzymes are proteins that lower activation energy and allow reactions to occur at ...
PM_EES (english)
... Bochum and the Max Planck Institutes in Mülheim present how an improvement in efficiency can be achieved. ...
... Bochum and the Max Planck Institutes in Mülheim present how an improvement in efficiency can be achieved. ...
Biology 3 Winter 2009 First Exam
... While all three are triglycerides, they differ in the relative number of carbon to carbon double bonds in their fatty acid tails. Saturated fats have no carbon to carbon double bonds and are unkinked. Monounsaturated fats have a single carbon to carbon double bond in each of their fatty acid tails a ...
... While all three are triglycerides, they differ in the relative number of carbon to carbon double bonds in their fatty acid tails. Saturated fats have no carbon to carbon double bonds and are unkinked. Monounsaturated fats have a single carbon to carbon double bond in each of their fatty acid tails a ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... glucose, and some amino acids yields acetyl-CoA. • Stage 2: oxidation of acetyl groups in the citric acid cycle to form NADH and FADH2 • Stage 3: electrons are funneled into a chain of electron carriers reducing O2 to H2O. This electron flow drives the production of ATP. ...
... glucose, and some amino acids yields acetyl-CoA. • Stage 2: oxidation of acetyl groups in the citric acid cycle to form NADH and FADH2 • Stage 3: electrons are funneled into a chain of electron carriers reducing O2 to H2O. This electron flow drives the production of ATP. ...
0495116572_102921
... • Hydrolysis of thioester bond of acetyl CoA drives phosphorylation of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) • Succinate dehydrogenase reaction • Fumerase incorporates H2O across double bond of fumarate to form malate • Malate converted to oxaloacetate ...
... • Hydrolysis of thioester bond of acetyl CoA drives phosphorylation of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) • Succinate dehydrogenase reaction • Fumerase incorporates H2O across double bond of fumarate to form malate • Malate converted to oxaloacetate ...
Biogeochemical cycles – Important Biomolecules
... sunlight using chlorophyll. Before the energy can be used it must be transformed into a form which the organism can handle easily. This special carrier of energy is the molecule adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. The ATP molecule is composed of three components. At the centre is a sugar molecule, ribos ...
... sunlight using chlorophyll. Before the energy can be used it must be transformed into a form which the organism can handle easily. This special carrier of energy is the molecule adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. The ATP molecule is composed of three components. At the centre is a sugar molecule, ribos ...
In Anaerobic Respiration glucose is broken down
... The rate of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are synchronised by If citrate consumption increases ...
... The rate of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are synchronised by If citrate consumption increases ...
103 final rev worksheet key
... that the active site and the substrate adjust their shapes to fit each other upon binding. Once the fit is achieved, the substrate is properly lined up for catalysis (its shape may also closely resemble the transition state for the reaction). After the reaction occurs, the fit is no longer favorable ...
... that the active site and the substrate adjust their shapes to fit each other upon binding. Once the fit is achieved, the substrate is properly lined up for catalysis (its shape may also closely resemble the transition state for the reaction). After the reaction occurs, the fit is no longer favorable ...
the krebs cycle by stef worrall
... Is responsible for the breakdown of pyruvate Acts as a central metabolic pathway in the breakdown of foods • Alternative names; The citric acid cycle and Tricarboxylic acid cycle • Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix ...
... Is responsible for the breakdown of pyruvate Acts as a central metabolic pathway in the breakdown of foods • Alternative names; The citric acid cycle and Tricarboxylic acid cycle • Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix ...
POGIL Biology I – Introduction to life on earth
... POGIL Biology VIII – Energy, enzymes, and the cell All living things require a constant source of energy. Cells do not produce their own energy, they must somehow extract it from their environment. Cells are tiny chemical reaction vats that are continually synthesizing and breaking down various mole ...
... POGIL Biology VIII – Energy, enzymes, and the cell All living things require a constant source of energy. Cells do not produce their own energy, they must somehow extract it from their environment. Cells are tiny chemical reaction vats that are continually synthesizing and breaking down various mole ...
+ 2
... and acting as a unit in the mitochondrial matrix. It is often considered as a single enzyme, but it actually involves several different reactions with a product of one reaction serving as a reactant of the next reaction. Thus, it may be thought of as a metabolic pathway rather than a single metaboli ...
... and acting as a unit in the mitochondrial matrix. It is often considered as a single enzyme, but it actually involves several different reactions with a product of one reaction serving as a reactant of the next reaction. Thus, it may be thought of as a metabolic pathway rather than a single metaboli ...
LEC 7 respiration
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 int ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 int ...
Questions
... were called C278G, C278S, C278A, C278N and C278D, respectively. The activities of these enzymes were assayed. All of the mutants had decreased creatine kinase activity as compared to the wild-type enzyme. What information does this result provide about the reaction mechanism in the wild-type enzyme? ...
... were called C278G, C278S, C278A, C278N and C278D, respectively. The activities of these enzymes were assayed. All of the mutants had decreased creatine kinase activity as compared to the wild-type enzyme. What information does this result provide about the reaction mechanism in the wild-type enzyme? ...
Cellular Respiration in More Depth Part 1: ATP—The
... release large amounts of energy. However, the energy release is uncontrolled. An organism would not be able to handle all that energy at once to do the work of the cell. Cellular respiration is essentially the same reaction as combustion, but the oxidation of glucose occurs in several controlled ste ...
... release large amounts of energy. However, the energy release is uncontrolled. An organism would not be able to handle all that energy at once to do the work of the cell. Cellular respiration is essentially the same reaction as combustion, but the oxidation of glucose occurs in several controlled ste ...
Glycogen Metabolism, Electron Transport/Oxidative Phosphorylation
... Pyruvate, which then go on to make more energy… • However, glucose is transported in the blood. How does it get into the cell to undergo glycolysis? ...
... Pyruvate, which then go on to make more energy… • However, glucose is transported in the blood. How does it get into the cell to undergo glycolysis? ...
06_Lecture_Presentation - Cornerstone Charter Academy
... Many metabolic pathways are involved in biosynthesis of biological molecules – To survive, cells must be able to biosynthesize molecules that are not present in its foods – Often the cell will convert the intermediate compounds of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to molecules not found in food ...
... Many metabolic pathways are involved in biosynthesis of biological molecules – To survive, cells must be able to biosynthesize molecules that are not present in its foods – Often the cell will convert the intermediate compounds of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to molecules not found in food ...
Document
... external terminal electron acceptor is not O2 eg. NO3- (nitrate), Fe3+, SO4-, CO2, CO32-, fumarate or another organic molecule ...
... external terminal electron acceptor is not O2 eg. NO3- (nitrate), Fe3+, SO4-, CO2, CO32-, fumarate or another organic molecule ...
EXAM2
... c) NH4+, Na+, K+, Mn2+ e) Mn2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ b) Fe3+, K+, Cu2+, Co2+ d) Ca2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe3+ ...
... c) NH4+, Na+, K+, Mn2+ e) Mn2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ b) Fe3+, K+, Cu2+, Co2+ d) Ca2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe3+ ...
BSU Reading Guide Chapter 7 Respiration
... third protein complex called the bc1complex (the purple structure), which again acts as a proton pump. The electrons are then shuttled by another carrier C to a fourth protein complex called cytochrome oxidase(the light blue structure). This complex uses each of these electrons both to pump another ...
... third protein complex called the bc1complex (the purple structure), which again acts as a proton pump. The electrons are then shuttled by another carrier C to a fourth protein complex called cytochrome oxidase(the light blue structure). This complex uses each of these electrons both to pump another ...
ETs08
... Protons are translocated from outside of mitochondrial inner membrane into its interior That passage actually generates both chemical and electrical energy. This is because they are moving down a concentration and electricalpotential gradient. ...
... Protons are translocated from outside of mitochondrial inner membrane into its interior That passage actually generates both chemical and electrical energy. This is because they are moving down a concentration and electricalpotential gradient. ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.