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Introduction: Proteins are one of the three major classes of biological
... one step, the enzyme is believed to pass the electrons and protons in three steps of two electrons and two H+. You are interested in understanding what special features about the active site are important in binding sulfite and releasing sulfide and water because what we learn about one protein is o ...
... one step, the enzyme is believed to pass the electrons and protons in three steps of two electrons and two H+. You are interested in understanding what special features about the active site are important in binding sulfite and releasing sulfide and water because what we learn about one protein is o ...
Bacterial Structures Capsule or Glycocalyx FLAGELLA TYPES OF
... • Group translocation of substances requires a transporter protein and PEP (a high energy phosphate complex). Substance transported is altered. (eg. Phosphate is added to glucose and phosphorylated glucose cannot be transported back out of cell) • Proton motive force: High concentration of H+ outsid ...
... • Group translocation of substances requires a transporter protein and PEP (a high energy phosphate complex). Substance transported is altered. (eg. Phosphate is added to glucose and phosphorylated glucose cannot be transported back out of cell) • Proton motive force: High concentration of H+ outsid ...
Metabolism Review - Local.brookings.k12.sd.us
... Enzyme A has an optimum near human body temp and would be nonfunctional at higher temps where these bacteria are found. Enzyme B has an optimum that would allow it to function at higher temperatures Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. d. The ...
... Enzyme A has an optimum near human body temp and would be nonfunctional at higher temps where these bacteria are found. Enzyme B has an optimum that would allow it to function at higher temperatures Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. d. The ...
Classification of Enzymes - Lectures For UG-5
... “a” is the class, “b” is the subclass, “c” is the subsubclass, and “d” is the sub-sub-subclass. The “b” and “c” digits describe the reaction, while the “d” digit is used to distinguish between different enzymes of the same function based on the actual substrate in the reaction. • Example: for Alcoho ...
... “a” is the class, “b” is the subclass, “c” is the subsubclass, and “d” is the sub-sub-subclass. The “b” and “c” digits describe the reaction, while the “d” digit is used to distinguish between different enzymes of the same function based on the actual substrate in the reaction. • Example: for Alcoho ...
Krebs cycle
... • Electrons are transferred from succinate to FAD and then to ubiquinone (Q) in electron transport chain • Dehydrogenation is stereospecific; only the trans isomer is formed ...
... • Electrons are transferred from succinate to FAD and then to ubiquinone (Q) in electron transport chain • Dehydrogenation is stereospecific; only the trans isomer is formed ...
Cycle Krebs Worksheet - LTE - IB
... * Decarboxylation of α-‐ketoglutarate is catalyzed by an enzymatic complex, similar to Piruvate Dehydrogenase complex. Such complex involves three enzymes and five coenzymes. * Krebs Cycle enzymes can ...
... * Decarboxylation of α-‐ketoglutarate is catalyzed by an enzymatic complex, similar to Piruvate Dehydrogenase complex. Such complex involves three enzymes and five coenzymes. * Krebs Cycle enzymes can ...
Multiple Choice
... a. resembles the transition-state structure of the normal enzyme-substrate complex. b. typically yields product more rapidly with an enzyme than the normal substrate. c. is less stable when binding to an enzyme than the normal substrate. d. stabilizes the transition state for the normal enzyme-subst ...
... a. resembles the transition-state structure of the normal enzyme-substrate complex. b. typically yields product more rapidly with an enzyme than the normal substrate. c. is less stable when binding to an enzyme than the normal substrate. d. stabilizes the transition state for the normal enzyme-subst ...
the Citric Acid cycle
... Two carbons enter, two carbons leave. This has huge repercussions: o Any removal of material from the cycle to form other molecules depletes the cycle. The cycle can then no longer operate at optimal rates (because Acetyl CoA can only enter the cycle by condensation with oxaloacetate). There there ...
... Two carbons enter, two carbons leave. This has huge repercussions: o Any removal of material from the cycle to form other molecules depletes the cycle. The cycle can then no longer operate at optimal rates (because Acetyl CoA can only enter the cycle by condensation with oxaloacetate). There there ...
Where are enzymes?
... Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts. Catalysts are molecules that speed up reactions without being changed or used up. Enzymes have an active site where the substrate binds to form the product. ...
... Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts. Catalysts are molecules that speed up reactions without being changed or used up. Enzymes have an active site where the substrate binds to form the product. ...
exam2review_s09.cwk (WP)
... D. Metabolic pathways are comprised of a series of reactions. These pathways must be dynamic and coordinated so that cells can respond to changes in environment. Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. Every enzyme-catalyzed reaction represents a potential point of regulation (inhibition or ...
... D. Metabolic pathways are comprised of a series of reactions. These pathways must be dynamic and coordinated so that cells can respond to changes in environment. Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. Every enzyme-catalyzed reaction represents a potential point of regulation (inhibition or ...
Properties of ATP - BioWiki
... Likewise we make about the same amount from the turnover products. When energy is needed, carbohydrates and lipids are oxidized and ATP is produced, which can then be immediately used for motility, biosynthesis, etc. It is very important to realize that although ATP is converted to ADP in a thermody ...
... Likewise we make about the same amount from the turnover products. When energy is needed, carbohydrates and lipids are oxidized and ATP is produced, which can then be immediately used for motility, biosynthesis, etc. It is very important to realize that although ATP is converted to ADP in a thermody ...
Unit 4 Notes - heckgrammar.co.uk
... called acetyl coA. The CO2 diffuses through the mitochondrial and cell membranes by lipid diffusion, out into the tissue fluid and into the blood, where it is carried to the lungs for removal. The hydrogen is taken up by NAD again. 8. The acetyl CoA then enters the Krebs Cycle, named after Sir Hans ...
... called acetyl coA. The CO2 diffuses through the mitochondrial and cell membranes by lipid diffusion, out into the tissue fluid and into the blood, where it is carried to the lungs for removal. The hydrogen is taken up by NAD again. 8. The acetyl CoA then enters the Krebs Cycle, named after Sir Hans ...
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Notes
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
Answer Key - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... While the citric acid cycle itself does not produce much ATP, it also produces NADH and FADH2 by reducing NAD+ and FAD. It does so by transferring 8 high-energy electrons from acetyl CoA to three molecules of NAD+ (6 e-) and one molecule of FAD (2 e-). When NADH and FADH2 are then oxidized during ox ...
... While the citric acid cycle itself does not produce much ATP, it also produces NADH and FADH2 by reducing NAD+ and FAD. It does so by transferring 8 high-energy electrons from acetyl CoA to three molecules of NAD+ (6 e-) and one molecule of FAD (2 e-). When NADH and FADH2 are then oxidized during ox ...
unit 3 – photosynthesis and cellular respiration
... build new proteins. However, excess amino acids will be converted by enzymes to intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Before amino acids can enter these processes, deamination must take place – the amino groups must be removed. The nitrogen containing wastes are excreted in the form ...
... build new proteins. However, excess amino acids will be converted by enzymes to intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Before amino acids can enter these processes, deamination must take place – the amino groups must be removed. The nitrogen containing wastes are excreted in the form ...
Introduction - Cedar Crest College
... Like C3 plants, these plants close stomata on hot, dry days, but their rate of photosynthesis neither falls off, nor does photorespiration occur. They are called C4 plants. ...
... Like C3 plants, these plants close stomata on hot, dry days, but their rate of photosynthesis neither falls off, nor does photorespiration occur. They are called C4 plants. ...
0101BWhat characterizes a prokaryotic cell
... __70) Makes steroid hormones in the gonads. a) mitochondria c) rough endoplasmic reticulum e) plasma membrane b) Golgi complex d) lysosomes f) smooth endoplasmic reticulum __71) Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a) nucleolus : ribosomes c) lysosome : protein synthesis e) nuclear membrane ...
... __70) Makes steroid hormones in the gonads. a) mitochondria c) rough endoplasmic reticulum e) plasma membrane b) Golgi complex d) lysosomes f) smooth endoplasmic reticulum __71) Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a) nucleolus : ribosomes c) lysosome : protein synthesis e) nuclear membrane ...
PowerPoint lecture
... are known (such as Friedreich’s ataxia); many of those afflicted die young ...
... are known (such as Friedreich’s ataxia); many of those afflicted die young ...
File - Mr. Doyle SUIS Science
... are known (such as Friedreich’s ataxia); many of those afflicted die young ...
... are known (such as Friedreich’s ataxia); many of those afflicted die young ...
Respiration in Plants
... Ans: During aerobic respiration, O2 is consumed and CO2 is released. The ratio of the volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed in respiration is called the respiratory quotient (RQ) or respiratory ratio. In living organisms respiratory substrates are often more than one. RQ values are used ...
... Ans: During aerobic respiration, O2 is consumed and CO2 is released. The ratio of the volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed in respiration is called the respiratory quotient (RQ) or respiratory ratio. In living organisms respiratory substrates are often more than one. RQ values are used ...
Cellular Respiration - Cathedral High School
... Four ATP produced by phosphorylation Net gain of two ATP Both G3Ps converted to pyruvates ...
... Four ATP produced by phosphorylation Net gain of two ATP Both G3Ps converted to pyruvates ...
Metabolism 2010edit
... • Regulation & coordination of production – final product is inhibitor of earlier step • allosteric inhibitor of earlier enzyme – no unnecessary accumulation of product – production is self-limiting ...
... • Regulation & coordination of production – final product is inhibitor of earlier step • allosteric inhibitor of earlier enzyme – no unnecessary accumulation of product – production is self-limiting ...
Worked Example 20.1
... remember that the compounds that are products in the original reaction are reactants in the reverse reaction and the compounds that are reactants in the original reaction are products in the reverse reaction. (We are assuming the reaction is directly reversible; this is not always true inside cells. ...
... remember that the compounds that are products in the original reaction are reactants in the reverse reaction and the compounds that are reactants in the original reaction are products in the reverse reaction. (We are assuming the reaction is directly reversible; this is not always true inside cells. ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.