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ENERGY FOR LIFE
begins as
processed by
Electromagnetic energy in
Glycolysis (in cytosol)
allows continued
• 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions
SUNLIGHT
10.2
9.3
Text section where
you can find more
information
drives
when electron acceptor
available, yields pyruvate for
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
(in chloroplasts)
(in mitochondria)
10.1
Fermentation
• Regenerates NAD+
• Substrates and waste products
vary among species
9.2
9.7
begins with
begins with
Antenna complex
Pyruvate processing
• Light excites electrons in
pigment molecules
CO2
10.2
donates
energy
from excited
electrons to
H2 O
enters
donates
energy
from excited
electrons to
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
donates
• Electron transport chain ends
highwith ferrodoxin
10.3
energy
electrons to
• “Splits” water to yield electrons
• Electron transport chain pumps
H+
10.3
•
• Catalyzed by pyruvate
dehydrogenase
9.4
yields acetyl CoA for
CO2
Citric acid cycle
• 8 enzyme-catalyzed reactions
• Completes oxidation of glucose
9.5
yields
Chemiosmosis
H+
when no electron
acceptor available,
donates electrons to
yields
FADH2
gradient drives ATP synthase
NADH
used in
Phosphorylation of enzymes
and substrates
• Raises potential energy
releases
O2
yields
ATP
donates
high energy
electrons to
NADPH
9.1
Electron transport chain
O2
used in
Calvin cycle
CO2
fixed by
rubisco
to start
• Series of enzyme-catalyzed
reactions
stored as
Glycogen, starch
broken down
to yield
Chemiosmosis
10.4
H2 O
• Reactions that were endergonic
with unphosphorylated
enzymes/substrates become
exergonic with phosphorylated
enzymes/subtrates
9.1
enables
yields lots of
yields some
5.1
drives
Energetic coupling
• H+ gradient drives ATP synthase
yields substrate
for synthesis of
GLUCOSE
5.2
• Uses energy released during
redox reactions to transport H+
• Ends with final electron acceptor
(usually O2)
9.6
ATP
9.1
Cells use energy to do work
• pump ions
• synthesize molecules
• move cargo
• send and receive signals
ENERGY FOR LIFE
begins as
Electromagnetic energy in
SUNLIGHT
10.2
Text section where
you can find more
information
drives
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
(in chloroplasts)
10.1
begins with
Antenna complex
• Light excites electrons in
pigment molecules
10.2
donates
energy
from excited
electrons to
H2O
enters
donates
energy
from excited
electrons to
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
donates
• Electron transport chain ends
highwith ferrodoxin
10.3
energy
electrons to
• “Splits” water to yield electrons
• Electron transport chain
pumps H+
10.3
Chemiosmosis
• H+ gradient drives ATP synthase
releases
O2
yields
ATP
NADPH
9.1
used in
Calvin cycle
CO2
fixed by
rubisco
to start
• Series of enzyme-catalyzed
reactions
stored as
Glycogen, starch 5.2
yields substrate
for synthesis of
GLUCOSE 5.1
broken down
to yield
10.4
processed by
Glycolysis (in cytosol)
allows continued
• 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions
9.3
when electron acceptor
available, yields pyruvate for
Fermentation
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
(in mitochondria)
• Regenerates NAD+
• Substrates and waste products
vary among species
9.7
9.2
begins with
when no electron
acceptor available,
donates electrons to
Pyruvate processing
CO2
• Catalyzed by pyruvate
dehydrogenase
9.4
yields acetyl CoA for
CO2
Citric acid cycle
• 8 enzyme-catalyzed reactions
• Completes oxidation of glucose
9.5
yields
yields
FADH2
NADH
donates
high energy
electrons to
Electron transport chain
O2
• Uses energy released during
redox reactions to transport H+
• Ends with final electron
acceptor (usually O2)
9.6
Chemiosmosis
• H+ gradient drives ATP synthase
yields lots of
yields some
ATP
H2O
used in
ATP
9.1
Phosphorylation of enzymes
and substrates
• Raises potential energy
9.1
drives
Energetic coupling
• Reactions that were endergonic
with unphosphorylated
enzymes/substrates become
exergonic with phosphorylated
enzymes/subtrates
9.1
enables
Cells use energy to do work
• pump ions
• synthesize molecules
• move cargo
• send and receive signals
GENETIC INFORMATION
is archived in
base sequences of
DNA
Text section
where you
can find more
information
Genotype
Chromatin
4.2
is packaged with
proteins to form
Chromosomes
18.2
may change due to
11.1
18.2
consists of
functional units called
13.2
Genes
make up
Alleles
15.1
have different
versions called
can be
EXPRESSED
may regulate
whether genes
if first
TRANSCRIBED by
13.2
are
COPIED
15.2
can be
and
can be
RNA polymerase
DNA polymerase
16.1
occasionally
make errors,
causing
to form
RNA
Mutation
to germ cells by
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
11.1
12.1
14.3
starts with
• Addition of poly(A)
tail
2n
may function
directly in
cell as
• Addition of 5 cap
ends with
16.2
to form
2n
16.2
is then
TRANSLATED by
affect
Ribosomes 16.5
3.2
16.5
n
n
n
Four daughter cells
with half the genetic
information as the
parent cell.
occurs
during
GROWTH and ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Proteins
n
2n
Two daughter cells
with the same genetic
information as the
parent cell (unless
mutation has occurred).
occurs
during
to form
2n
ends with
• tRNA
16.4
(transfer RNA)
• rRNA
(ribosomal RNA) 16.5
mRNA
(messenger of RNA)
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
11.0
12.3
Low genetic diversity
High genetic diversity
changed by
Phenotype 13.1
• Folding
produce
• Glycosylation
• Phosphorylation
• Degradation
result in
results in
3.4
5.3
9.1
18.4
• Independent
assortment
• Recombination
12.2
13.3–4
Parent cell
4.3
• Splicing
includes
starts with
Parent cell
MUTATION 15.4
may be
processed by
15.4
12.1, 13.1–4
to somatic
cells by
by
causing
can be
TRANSMITTED 11.1
14.3
17.1–4
18.1–4
• Breakage
• Duplication or
deletion due to
errors in meiosis
• Damage by radiation
or other agents
12.4
14.5
15.4
GENETIC INFORMATION
is archived in
base sequences of
DNA
Text section
where you
can find more
information
Genotype
4.2
consists of
functional units called
13.2
Genes
make up
15.1
can be
may regulate
whether genes
EXPRESSED 15.2
if first
TRANSCRIBED by
17.1–4
18.1–4
RNA polymerase
16.1
to form
RNA
4.3
RNA
4.3
may be
processed by
may function
directly in
cell as
• Splicing
• Addition of 5 cap
• Addition of poly(A)
tail
16.2
to form
• tRNA
(transfer RNA)
16.4
• rRNA
(ribosomal RNA) 16.5
mRNA
(messeger of RNA)
16.2
is then
TRANSLATED by
affect
Ribosomes
16.5
to form
Proteins
3.2
16.5
changed by
Phenotype 13.1
produce
• Folding
3.4
• Glycosylation
5.3
• Phosphorylation
9.1
• Degradation
18.4
Chromatin
Chromosomes
18.2
may change due to
11.1
18.2
Alleles
13.2
• Breakage
• Duplication or
deletion due to
errors in meiosis
• Damage by radiation
or other agents
12.4
14.5
15.4
can be
are
COPIED
causing
and
can be
can be
DNA polymerase
14.3
occasionally
make errors,
causing
MUTATION 15.4
MITOSIS
15.4
12.1, 13.1–4
to somatic
cells by
by
Mutation
TRANSMITTED 11.1
14.3
to germ cells by
11.1
MEIOSIS
12.1
includes
• Independent
assortment
• Recombination
12.2
13.3–4
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
11.1
starts with
starts with
Parent cell
Parent cell
2n
ends with
n
n
n
n
2n
Two daughter cells
with the same genetic
information as the
parent cell (unless
mutation has occurred).
occurs
during
Four daughter cells
with half the genetic
information as the
parent cell.
occurs
during
GROWTH and ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
11.0
result in
Low genetic diversity
includes
• Independent
assortment
• Recombination
12.2
13.3–4
2n
ends with
2n
12.1
12.3
results in
High genetic diversity
EVOLUTION
is
Change through time
is
Descent with modification
is
due to
Changes in allele frequencies
due to
25.1
does not produce
due to
due to
due to
due to
Inbreeding
Sexual selection
NATURAL SELECTION
GENETIC DRIFT
MUTATION
GENE FLOW
• Mating among
relatives
• Changes
genotype
frequencies,
but not allele
frequencies
• Occurs when
traits used in
attracting
mates vary,
and individuals
with certain
traits attract
the most
mates
25.6
• Occurs when traits vary,
and individuals with
certain traits produce
the most offspring
• Changes in allele frequencies
due entirely to chance
• Especially important in small
populations
• Random changes in DNA
• Creates new alleles
• Occurs in every individual in
every generation, at low
frequency
• Occurs when individuals move
between populations
• Homogenizes allele frequencies
between populations
25.6
includes
Non-random mating
Text section where
you can find more
information
includes
includes
24.1
24.3–5
25.2
25.3
exposes
deleterious
alleles to
Gene
flow
15.4, 25.5
produces divergence required for
is the only
evolutionary
mechanism that
can produce
25.6
produces
divergence
required for
25.4
due to lack of
produces divergence required for
SPECIATION
creates new branches on
Results from:
Adaptation
1. Genetic isolation, followed by
• Involves heritable
traits only
2. Genetic divergence
form smallest possible tips on
26.2–4
The TREE OF LIFE
• Describes the
evolutionary
relationships
among species
1.3, 27.1
“prune”
24.3, 24.5
forms new
MASS EXTINCTIONS
Species
• 60% of species are lost in less
than 1 million years
• 5 events in the past 542 million
years
• Is analogous to genetic drift
Evolutionarily independent units
in nature, identified by:
1. Reproductive isolation, and/or
2. Phylogenetic analysis, and/or
Fitness
3. Morphological differences
26.1
• Measured by number of
offspring produced
27.4
may occur after
with
24.3,
24.5
25.1–6
usually
reduces
ADAPTIVE RADIATIONS
Synamorphies
• Traits that are unique to a single
lineage (found in some species
but not others)
• Arise in a common ancestor
26.1
27.1
that
may
be
may
result
in
Key innovations
• Traits that allow
species to exploit
resources in a
new way or use
new habitats
• Rapid and extensive speciation
in a single lineage
• Dramatic divergence in
morphology or behavior
(species use a wide array of
resources/habitats)
27.3
27.4
EVOLUTION
Change through time
is
is
Descent with modification
is
due to
due to
Changes in allele frequencies
25.1
does not produce
due to
due to
due to
due to
Inbreeding
Sexual selection
NATURAL SELECTION
GENETIC DRIFT
MUTATION
GENE FLOW
• Mating among
relatives
• Changes
genotype
frequencies,
but not allele
frequencies
• Occurs when
traits used in
attracting
mates vary,
and individuals
with certain
traits attract
the most
mates
• Occurs when traits
vary, and individuals
with certain traits
produce the most
offspring
• Changes in allele frequencies
due entirely to chance
• Especially important in small
populations
• Random changes in DNA
• Creates new alleles
• Occurs in every individual in
every generation, at low
frequency
• Occurs when individuals move
between populations
• Homogenizes allele frequencies
between populations
25.6
25.6
includes
includes
Non-random mating
25.6
Text section where
you can find more
information
includes
24.1
24.3–5
25.2
25.3
exposes
deleterious
alleles to
is the only
evolutionary
mechanism that
can produce
Adaptation
• Involves heritable
traits only
24.3, 24.5
Fitness
• Measured by number of
offspring produced
24.3,
24.5
25.1–6
usually
reduces
15.4, 25.5
Gene
flow
25.4
NATURAL SELECTION
GENETIC DRIFT
MUTATION
GENE FLOW
• Occurs when traits
vary, and individuals
with certain traits
produce the most
offspring
• Changes in allele frequencies
due entirely to chance
• Especially important in small
populations
• Random changes in DNA
• Creates new alleles
• Occurs in every individual in
every generation, at low
frequency
• Occurs when individuals move
between populations
• Homogenizes allele frequencies
between populations
24.1
24.3–5
25.2
Gene
flow
15.4, 25.5
25.3
25.4
due to lack of
produces divergence required for
produces
divergence
required for
produces divergence required for
SPECIATION
creates new branches on
Results from:
form smallest possible tips on
1. Genetic isolation, followed by
2. Genetic divergence
26.2–4
The TREE OF LIFE
• Describes the
evolutionary
relationships
among species
1.3, 27.1
“prune”
forms new
Species
MASS EXTINCTIONS
Evolutionarily independent units
in nature, identified by:
1. Reproductive isolation, and/or
2. Phylogenetic analysis, and/or
3. Morphological differences
26.1
• 60% of species are lost in less
than 1 million years
• 5 events in the past 542 million
years
• Is analogous to genetic drift
27.4
may occur after
with
ADAPTIVE RADIATIONS
Synamorphies
• Traits that are unique to a
single lineage (found in some
species but not others)
• Arise in a common ancestor
26.1
27.1
that
may
be
may
result
in
Key innovations
• Traits that allow
species to exploit
resources in a
new way or use
new habitats
• Rapid and extensive speciation
in a single lineage
• Dramatic divergence in
morphology or behavior
(species use a wide array of
resources/habitats)
27.3
27.4
ECOLOGY
Text chapter or section
where you can find
more information
is the study
of how
Organisms
interact with
51
50.54
associate with
others of the same
species to form
Populations
Abiotic environment
includes
includes
includes
• Water temperature
• Soil
• Chemical energy
• Water flow rate
• Atmosphere
• Solar energy
• Water depth
Energy
52
CO2
50.3–4
includes
• Nutrient availability
and
Species
53.1
Communities
53
interact in
Climate
54.1
• Temperature
(especially average
and degree of yearly
variation)
• Precipitation
(especially average
and degree of yearly
variation)
and
interact via
Competition
• Leads to possible
exclusion of weaker
competitors
• Natural selection
favors traits that
reduce competition
 /
form via
Succession
Nutrients
• Carbon (C)
• Nitrogen (N)
• Pattern depends on
species traits, species
interactions, and
history of site
• Phosphorous (P)
• Others
50.3–4
50.2, 54.3
54.2
53.2
53.1
is triggered
by
Disturbance
and
Consumption
 /
(predation,
parisitism, herbivory)
• E.g., fire, drought;
effect depends on
extent and frequency
flow through
influence
Ecosystems
interact
with abiotic
factors
to form
54
Aquatic ecosystems
Terrestrial ecosystems
include
50.2, 54.3
influence
50.3, 54.3
include
53.3
• Can reduce prey/host
population size
• Natural selection
favors traits
that maximize
defenses
dictates species
that can be
found in certain
include
• Primary producers (synthesize their own food)
• Consumers (consume live organisms)
• Decomposers (consume dead organisms)
affects
54.1
Species richness
53.4
53.1
is a
measure of
and
form
affects
Primary productivity
Food webs
Biodiversity
Mutualism
• Leads to cooccurrence of species
• Natural selection
favors traits that
maximize benefits
and minimize costs
flows
through
/
53.1
55
54.1
54.1
ECOLOGY
Text chapter or section
where you can find
more information
is the study
of how
Organisms
interact with
51
Abiotic environment
50, 54
associate with
others of the same
species to form
Populations
Species
52
53.1
Communities
interact via
Competition
• Leads to possible
exclusion of weaker
competitors
• Natural selection
favors traits that
reduce competition
53
interact in
 /
53.1
form via
Succession
• Pattern depends on
species traits, species
interactions, and
history of site
53.2
is triggered
by
Disturbance
and
Consumption
 /
(predation,
Parisitism, herbivory)
• Can reduce prey/host
population size
• Natural selection
favors traits
that maximize
defenses
• E.g., fire, drought;
effect depends on
extent and frequency
53.3
affects
Species richness
53.4
53.1
is a
measure of
and
Biodiversity
Mutualism
/
• Leads to cooccurrence of species
• Natural selection
favors traits that
maximize benefits
and minimize costs
53.1
55
Ecosystems
interact
with abiotic
factors
to form
54
Abiotic environment
50.54
includes
includes
includes
• Water temperature
• Soil
• Chemical energy
• Water flow rate
• Atmosphere
• Solar energy
• Water depth
Energy
CO2
50.3–4
includes
• Nutrient availability
and
54.1
Climate
54.2
• Temperature
(especially average
and degree of yearly
variation)
• Precipitation
(especially average
and degree of yearly
variation)
50.3–4
and
Nutrients
•
•
•
•
Carbon (C)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorous (P)
Others
50.2, 54.3
flow through
dictates species
that can be
found in certain
influence
Ecosystems
54
Aquatic ecosystems
include
50.2, 54.3
Terrestrial ecosystems
influence
50.3, 54.3
include
include
• Primary producers (synthesize their own food)
• Consumers (consume live organisms)
• Decomposers (consume dead organisms)
54.1
Species richness
53.4
form
affects
Primary productivity
Food webs
flows
through
54.1
54.1