Generalities Main amino acid reactions
... Proteins are the polypeptides formed by sequences of amino acids General formula of the a-amino acids NH2-CH-COOH R The amino acids occupy a central position in the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds ...
... Proteins are the polypeptides formed by sequences of amino acids General formula of the a-amino acids NH2-CH-COOH R The amino acids occupy a central position in the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds ...
PowerPoint 簡報
... and specificity of enzymes Binding energy (GB)--- the energy derived from enzyme-substrate interaction 1. Much of the catalytic power of enzymes is ultimately derived from the free energy released in forming multiple weak bonds and interactions between an enzyme and its substrate. This binding ener ...
... and specificity of enzymes Binding energy (GB)--- the energy derived from enzyme-substrate interaction 1. Much of the catalytic power of enzymes is ultimately derived from the free energy released in forming multiple weak bonds and interactions between an enzyme and its substrate. This binding ener ...
Evolution of Metabolic Pathway
... synthesized from oxaloacetates in a PEP carboxykinase-catalyzed ...
... synthesized from oxaloacetates in a PEP carboxykinase-catalyzed ...
Lecture 24
... synthesize ATP NADPH utilizes the free energy of metaboite oxidation for biosynthesis Difference is possible because the dehydrogenase enzymes involved in oxidative and reductive metabolism exhibit a high degree of specificity ...
... synthesize ATP NADPH utilizes the free energy of metaboite oxidation for biosynthesis Difference is possible because the dehydrogenase enzymes involved in oxidative and reductive metabolism exhibit a high degree of specificity ...
The Calvin Cycle
... the starting molecule at the end of the cycle. It differs in that it is an anabolic process consuming energy to produce a sugar molecule whereas the Citric Acid Cycle is catabolic producing energy as it consumes sugar ...
... the starting molecule at the end of the cycle. It differs in that it is an anabolic process consuming energy to produce a sugar molecule whereas the Citric Acid Cycle is catabolic producing energy as it consumes sugar ...
Flashback - Max-Planck
... ATP during muscle contraction, creatine phosphate can compensate for this loss by transferring a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), turning it back into ATP. The formation of ATP by the transfer of a phosphate group from an energy-rich chemical compound to ADP plays a decisive role in m ...
... ATP during muscle contraction, creatine phosphate can compensate for this loss by transferring a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), turning it back into ATP. The formation of ATP by the transfer of a phosphate group from an energy-rich chemical compound to ADP plays a decisive role in m ...
Properties of Enzymes
... (iii) Sulfate reaction: Proteins containing sulfur amino acids (cysteine) ----give black or grey colour ...
... (iii) Sulfate reaction: Proteins containing sulfur amino acids (cysteine) ----give black or grey colour ...
AP Biology Summer Assignment Chapter 3 Quiz 2016-17
... the only remaining stable aspect of the protein’s structure is its primary structure. b. If the van der Waals forces in a protein are disturbed, only the quaternary structure will be affected. c. Tertiary and quaternary structures of a protein are stabilized by different types of interactions. d. A ...
... the only remaining stable aspect of the protein’s structure is its primary structure. b. If the van der Waals forces in a protein are disturbed, only the quaternary structure will be affected. c. Tertiary and quaternary structures of a protein are stabilized by different types of interactions. d. A ...
What Are Enzymes?
... particular reaction, or type of reaction. Thus sucrase degrades sucrose and only sucrose (table sugar). 3. They are not altered by the reaction. This means that an enzyme can be used repeatedly. It also means that enzymes appear neither in the reactants nor in the products of a chemical equation. 4. ...
... particular reaction, or type of reaction. Thus sucrase degrades sucrose and only sucrose (table sugar). 3. They are not altered by the reaction. This means that an enzyme can be used repeatedly. It also means that enzymes appear neither in the reactants nor in the products of a chemical equation. 4. ...
Muscles
... chain joined by a disulphide bond to a light chain. • The light chain is a protease that attacks one of the fusion proteins at a neuromuscular junction, preventing vesicles from anchoring to the membrane to release acetylcholine. By inhibiting acetylcholine release, the toxin interferes with nerve i ...
... chain joined by a disulphide bond to a light chain. • The light chain is a protease that attacks one of the fusion proteins at a neuromuscular junction, preventing vesicles from anchoring to the membrane to release acetylcholine. By inhibiting acetylcholine release, the toxin interferes with nerve i ...
Manish`s slides
... Coenzyme M and displaces methane • F430, a nickel porphinoid, coordinates the displacement. ...
... Coenzyme M and displaces methane • F430, a nickel porphinoid, coordinates the displacement. ...
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC)
... oxidative phosphorylation. 4. Can also be used for gluconeogenesis to form G6P 5. 1 molecule of G6P can be converted via 6 cycles of PPP and gluconeogenesis to 6 CO2 molecules and generate 12 NADPH molecules. 6. Flux through PPP (rate of NADPH production) is controlled by the glucose-6-phosphate deh ...
... oxidative phosphorylation. 4. Can also be used for gluconeogenesis to form G6P 5. 1 molecule of G6P can be converted via 6 cycles of PPP and gluconeogenesis to 6 CO2 molecules and generate 12 NADPH molecules. 6. Flux through PPP (rate of NADPH production) is controlled by the glucose-6-phosphate deh ...
Cytochrome c Oxidase dysfunction in cancer
... adenosine diphosphate (ADP), producing ATP. The ATP is then transported out of the mitochondrion to be used in various energy-requiring processes in the cell. Compared to glycolysis or lactic-acid fermentation, oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient way of utilizing chemically stored energy ...
... adenosine diphosphate (ADP), producing ATP. The ATP is then transported out of the mitochondrion to be used in various energy-requiring processes in the cell. Compared to glycolysis or lactic-acid fermentation, oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient way of utilizing chemically stored energy ...
Idling behind the Yellow Line: Cybercensorship and the Liability of
... Followings are excluded: structures with less than three transmembrane helices. structures unusual very open ...
... Followings are excluded: structures with less than three transmembrane helices. structures unusual very open ...
The Citric acid cycle - University of Houston
... majority of carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation. It also accounts for a majority of the generation of these compounds and others as well. Amphibolic - acts both catabolically and anabolically ...
... majority of carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation. It also accounts for a majority of the generation of these compounds and others as well. Amphibolic - acts both catabolically and anabolically ...
video slide - Green River Community College
... – Is an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy in the form of a H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work ...
... – Is an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy in the form of a H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work ...
pdf file
... drop of the respiratory control ratio (RCR) calculated as ADPstimulated vs succinate supported respiration, while it had almost no effect on the respiratory control ratio measured as uncouplerstimulated vs oligomycin-inhibited respiration (Fig. 2C). Similar effects were observed when glutamate + mal ...
... drop of the respiratory control ratio (RCR) calculated as ADPstimulated vs succinate supported respiration, while it had almost no effect on the respiratory control ratio measured as uncouplerstimulated vs oligomycin-inhibited respiration (Fig. 2C). Similar effects were observed when glutamate + mal ...
AMINOACID METABOLISM
... * This reaction is important as it reversibly links glutamate metabolism with TCA CYCLE through α Ketoglutarate. GDH – regulated allosterically – GTP & ATP inhibits & viceversa ...
... * This reaction is important as it reversibly links glutamate metabolism with TCA CYCLE through α Ketoglutarate. GDH – regulated allosterically – GTP & ATP inhibits & viceversa ...
Essential Cell Biology (3rd ed.)
... transporters and channels. The basic difference between transporters and channels is the way they discriminate between solutes, transporting some solutes but not others (Figure 12–3). Channels discriminate mainly on the basis of size and electric charge: if a channel is open, an ion or a molecule th ...
... transporters and channels. The basic difference between transporters and channels is the way they discriminate between solutes, transporting some solutes but not others (Figure 12–3). Channels discriminate mainly on the basis of size and electric charge: if a channel is open, an ion or a molecule th ...
18 Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA to Krebs Cycle A/P
... 1.) Lactic acid build up is a way to temporarily store a high-energy hydrogen proton and electron in lactic acid by oxidizing NADH NAD+. This allows the use of this “energy source” (lactic acid) at another time. THIS ALSO allows for NAD+ to be used rapidly in glycolysis to provide SOME “instant” ATP ...
... 1.) Lactic acid build up is a way to temporarily store a high-energy hydrogen proton and electron in lactic acid by oxidizing NADH NAD+. This allows the use of this “energy source” (lactic acid) at another time. THIS ALSO allows for NAD+ to be used rapidly in glycolysis to provide SOME “instant” ATP ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.