Enzymes are Most Effective at Optimal Conditions
... by the pH value of its surroundings. This is because the charge of its component amino acids changes with the change in the pH value. Each enzyme becomes active at a certain pH level. In general, most enzymes remain stable and work well in the pH range of 6 and 8 (fig. 1b). However, there are some s ...
... by the pH value of its surroundings. This is because the charge of its component amino acids changes with the change in the pH value. Each enzyme becomes active at a certain pH level. In general, most enzymes remain stable and work well in the pH range of 6 and 8 (fig. 1b). However, there are some s ...
Document
... made of cellulose microfibrils, which is consisted of about 36 chains of cellulose, a polymer of b(14)glucose. ...
... made of cellulose microfibrils, which is consisted of about 36 chains of cellulose, a polymer of b(14)glucose. ...
1- Glycolysis
... precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically. ...
... precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically. ...
Objectives Compare and contrast how autotrophs and heterotrophs
... Both engines and cells use oxygen to convert the potential energy in complex molecules to energy that can be used for work. An automobile engine is called an internal combustion (burning) engine. This type of engine mixes oxygen with gasoline in a very fast chemical reaction that results in the mole ...
... Both engines and cells use oxygen to convert the potential energy in complex molecules to energy that can be used for work. An automobile engine is called an internal combustion (burning) engine. This type of engine mixes oxygen with gasoline in a very fast chemical reaction that results in the mole ...
Anaerobic-and-Aerobic
... An important way of making ATP without oxygen is called fermentation. It involves glycolysis but not the other two stages of aerobic respiration. Many bacteria and yeasts carry out fermentation. People use these organisms to make yogurt, bread, wine, and biofuels. Human muscle cells also use ferment ...
... An important way of making ATP without oxygen is called fermentation. It involves glycolysis but not the other two stages of aerobic respiration. Many bacteria and yeasts carry out fermentation. People use these organisms to make yogurt, bread, wine, and biofuels. Human muscle cells also use ferment ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Pyruvate carboxylase is allosterically activated by acyl-CoA. In order to activate bicarbonate, an acylCoA must be bound to an allosteric binding site of the enzyme. The second half of the enzyme catalyzed reaction, the nucleophilic attack of the pyruvate enolate on N-carboxybiotin, is not affected ...
... Pyruvate carboxylase is allosterically activated by acyl-CoA. In order to activate bicarbonate, an acylCoA must be bound to an allosteric binding site of the enzyme. The second half of the enzyme catalyzed reaction, the nucleophilic attack of the pyruvate enolate on N-carboxybiotin, is not affected ...
Sources of enzyme
... Microbial enzymes are produced by methods which can be scaled up easily Recombinant DNA technology now provides the means to produce many different enzymes, including those not normally synthesized by microorganisms or permanent cell lines, in bacteria, yeast and cultured cells. ...
... Microbial enzymes are produced by methods which can be scaled up easily Recombinant DNA technology now provides the means to produce many different enzymes, including those not normally synthesized by microorganisms or permanent cell lines, in bacteria, yeast and cultured cells. ...
Enzyme Structure
... Enzymes have an optimum temperature at which they work fastest. For mammalian enzymes this is about 40°C, but there are enzymes that work best at very different temperatures, e.g. enzymes from the arctic snow flea work at -10°C, and enzymes from thermophilic bacteria work at 90°C. Up to the optimum ...
... Enzymes have an optimum temperature at which they work fastest. For mammalian enzymes this is about 40°C, but there are enzymes that work best at very different temperatures, e.g. enzymes from the arctic snow flea work at -10°C, and enzymes from thermophilic bacteria work at 90°C. Up to the optimum ...
清华大学本科生考试试题专用纸
... Ornithine and citrulline have roles that are similar to those of oxaloacetate and what other citric acid cycle intermediate? A. acetyl-CoA B. malate C. citrate D. ammonia E. CO2 Answer(s): C 20. Indicate which of the following statements about the mitochondrial electron transfer and oxidative phosph ...
... Ornithine and citrulline have roles that are similar to those of oxaloacetate and what other citric acid cycle intermediate? A. acetyl-CoA B. malate C. citrate D. ammonia E. CO2 Answer(s): C 20. Indicate which of the following statements about the mitochondrial electron transfer and oxidative phosph ...
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
... High concentrations of ATP shift the T⇄R equilibrium in favor of the T state decreasing PFK’s affinity for F6P AMP, ADP and Fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate acts to relieve inhibition by ATP ...
... High concentrations of ATP shift the T⇄R equilibrium in favor of the T state decreasing PFK’s affinity for F6P AMP, ADP and Fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate acts to relieve inhibition by ATP ...
Chem 204
... 8 . (a) Briefly define “isotonic,” “hypotonic,” and “hypertonic” solutions. (b) Describe what happens when a cell is placed in each of these types of solutions a) Isotonic: solution with equal osmolarity Hypotonic: solution with higher osmolarity outside than in (i.e. cytosol) Hypertonic: solution w ...
... 8 . (a) Briefly define “isotonic,” “hypotonic,” and “hypertonic” solutions. (b) Describe what happens when a cell is placed in each of these types of solutions a) Isotonic: solution with equal osmolarity Hypotonic: solution with higher osmolarity outside than in (i.e. cytosol) Hypertonic: solution w ...
Metabolic modeling and comparative biochemistry in glyoxylate cycle
... amount, obtained from its application, was compared with the ATP amount calculated individually from the sum of acetyl-CoA, NAHD and FADH2 molecules number, and substrate level phosphorylation, generated in the oxidation of fatty acids with specific numbers of carbon atoms in glyoxysomes (Table 2). ...
... amount, obtained from its application, was compared with the ATP amount calculated individually from the sum of acetyl-CoA, NAHD and FADH2 molecules number, and substrate level phosphorylation, generated in the oxidation of fatty acids with specific numbers of carbon atoms in glyoxysomes (Table 2). ...
Reading guide - Chemistry Courses: About
... 11. What is the Bohr Effect, and what role does it play in the physiology of oxygen binding by hemoglobin? 12. What is BPG, and what role does it play in the physiology of oxygen binding by hemoglobin? Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 5.2-5.3 1. What are three types of cytoskeletal fibrous proteins? 2. De ...
... 11. What is the Bohr Effect, and what role does it play in the physiology of oxygen binding by hemoglobin? 12. What is BPG, and what role does it play in the physiology of oxygen binding by hemoglobin? Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 5.2-5.3 1. What are three types of cytoskeletal fibrous proteins? 2. De ...
Energy and Muscle Contraction
... Glycolysis, however, is not cellular respiration. Glycolysis does not occur in the mitochondria, but in the cytoplasm. Therefore it is possible that glycolysis may be accelerated independently of oxygen delivery. When ATP production occurs independent of oxygen, it is said to be anaerobic. ...
... Glycolysis, however, is not cellular respiration. Glycolysis does not occur in the mitochondria, but in the cytoplasm. Therefore it is possible that glycolysis may be accelerated independently of oxygen delivery. When ATP production occurs independent of oxygen, it is said to be anaerobic. ...
Model answers for the exam practice questions File
... At the equilibrium potential for a given ion, the propensity for ions to move down the electrical potential gradient across the membrane is exactly balanced by their propensity to move in the opposite direction down their concentration gradient. Where the membrane potential is different from the equ ...
... At the equilibrium potential for a given ion, the propensity for ions to move down the electrical potential gradient across the membrane is exactly balanced by their propensity to move in the opposite direction down their concentration gradient. Where the membrane potential is different from the equ ...
List of Possible Research Questions
... Calcium: Is everywhere, bones and signal transmission. Antifreeze kills you by binding the free the Ca2+ ions in your system. What makes Ca special? (Similar to Westhiemer’s article except about why nature chose calcium not phosphates) Homocvsteine: Increased amount is correlated with stress, inflam ...
... Calcium: Is everywhere, bones and signal transmission. Antifreeze kills you by binding the free the Ca2+ ions in your system. What makes Ca special? (Similar to Westhiemer’s article except about why nature chose calcium not phosphates) Homocvsteine: Increased amount is correlated with stress, inflam ...
Glycolysis and Anaerobic Respiration Lecture Notes
... • The products of glycolysis can be further broken down without the use of oxygen through additional biochemical pathways that occur in the cytosol. • The combination of glycolysis pulse these additional pathways is called fermentation. • Fermentation does not produce any additional ATP but it does ...
... • The products of glycolysis can be further broken down without the use of oxygen through additional biochemical pathways that occur in the cytosol. • The combination of glycolysis pulse these additional pathways is called fermentation. • Fermentation does not produce any additional ATP but it does ...
+ O 2
... A scheme of the catalytic cycle of cytochrome P450-containing monooxygenases. The binding of the substrate (RH) to ferric P450 (a) results in the formation of the substrate complex (b). The ferric P450 then accepts the first electron from CPR (cytochrome P450 reductase), thereby being reduced to the ...
... A scheme of the catalytic cycle of cytochrome P450-containing monooxygenases. The binding of the substrate (RH) to ferric P450 (a) results in the formation of the substrate complex (b). The ferric P450 then accepts the first electron from CPR (cytochrome P450 reductase), thereby being reduced to the ...
Detection of Free Radicals
... A scheme of the catalytic cycle of cytochrome P450-containing monooxygenases. The binding of the substrate (RH) to ferric P450 (a) results in the formation of the substrate complex (b). The ferric P450 then accepts the first electron from CPR (cytochrome P450 reductase), thereby being reduced to the ...
... A scheme of the catalytic cycle of cytochrome P450-containing monooxygenases. The binding of the substrate (RH) to ferric P450 (a) results in the formation of the substrate complex (b). The ferric P450 then accepts the first electron from CPR (cytochrome P450 reductase), thereby being reduced to the ...
Three-Dimensional Structure of Adenosylcobinamide Kinase
... the corrin ring and the subsequent attachment of GMP to form the product adenosylcobinamide-GDP. The kinase activity is believed to be associated with a P-loop motif, whereas the transferase activity proceeds at a different site on the enzyme via a guanylyl intermediate. The enzyme was crystallized ...
... the corrin ring and the subsequent attachment of GMP to form the product adenosylcobinamide-GDP. The kinase activity is believed to be associated with a P-loop motif, whereas the transferase activity proceeds at a different site on the enzyme via a guanylyl intermediate. The enzyme was crystallized ...
Sol. RUBISC - askIITians
... sudden decrease in enzyme action due to denaturation. Mostly enzymatic reactions occur below 450c ...
... sudden decrease in enzyme action due to denaturation. Mostly enzymatic reactions occur below 450c ...
Sulfonates: novel electron acceptors in
... Cultures were inoculated into media with growth-limiting amounts of terminal electron acceptor (2.5 mM SO42– or 2.5 mM isethionate). When growth ceased, equimolar amounts (10 mM final concentration) of 35S-sulfate and isethionate were added via syringes. Both growth (OD650) and the disappearance of ...
... Cultures were inoculated into media with growth-limiting amounts of terminal electron acceptor (2.5 mM SO42– or 2.5 mM isethionate). When growth ceased, equimolar amounts (10 mM final concentration) of 35S-sulfate and isethionate were added via syringes. Both growth (OD650) and the disappearance of ...
INTRODUCTION - international journal of advances in
... energy-rich molecules are produced within the matrix via the Citric Acid Cycle but are also produced in the cytoplasm by glycolysis. Reducing equivalents from the cytoplasm can be imported via the malate-aspartate shuttle system of antiporter proteins or feed into the electron transport chain using ...
... energy-rich molecules are produced within the matrix via the Citric Acid Cycle but are also produced in the cytoplasm by glycolysis. Reducing equivalents from the cytoplasm can be imported via the malate-aspartate shuttle system of antiporter proteins or feed into the electron transport chain using ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.