September 27 AP Biology - John D. O`Bryant School of Math & Science
... Do Now (Quiz) Five dialysis bags, constructed from a semi-permeable membrane that is impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. At 10-minute intervals, the bags were ...
... Do Now (Quiz) Five dialysis bags, constructed from a semi-permeable membrane that is impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. At 10-minute intervals, the bags were ...
Hemolytic Anemias due to Other Intracorpuscular Defects
... The autohemolysis test is positive. In this test RBCs are incubated in their own plasma for 48 hours at 370 C and the amount of hemolysis is determined. ...
... The autohemolysis test is positive. In this test RBCs are incubated in their own plasma for 48 hours at 370 C and the amount of hemolysis is determined. ...
Chapter 22 Biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides and related
... different subunits, containing multiple 4Fe-4S centers and two Mo-Fe clusters. • The dinitrogenase reductase (also called the Fe protein) is a dimer of two identifcal subunits, containing a single 4Fe-4S redox center. • The nitrogenase complex is highly conserved among ...
... different subunits, containing multiple 4Fe-4S centers and two Mo-Fe clusters. • The dinitrogenase reductase (also called the Fe protein) is a dimer of two identifcal subunits, containing a single 4Fe-4S redox center. • The nitrogenase complex is highly conserved among ...
3 - Study Hungary
... A: the atomic number decreases by 2 and the mass number by 4. B: the atomic number decreases by 4 and the mass number by 2. C: the atomic number increases by 1 and the mass number doesn’t change. D: the loss of a neutron decreases the mass number by 1 and the charge by 1. E: the loss of a proton dec ...
... A: the atomic number decreases by 2 and the mass number by 4. B: the atomic number decreases by 4 and the mass number by 2. C: the atomic number increases by 1 and the mass number doesn’t change. D: the loss of a neutron decreases the mass number by 1 and the charge by 1. E: the loss of a proton dec ...
Biochemistry 6/e
... Hydroxybutyrate Hydroxybutyrate is converted back to acetoacetate to get acetylCoA and acetone is lost. ...
... Hydroxybutyrate Hydroxybutyrate is converted back to acetoacetate to get acetylCoA and acetone is lost. ...
Lecture 33 Carbohydrates1
... 3. What are the key enzymes in gluconeogenesis? Pyruvate carboxylase – is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes a carboxylation reaction converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate using a reaction mechanism involving a biotinyl "swinging arm" and ATP hydrolysis. Pyruvate carboxylase is dependent on alloste ...
... 3. What are the key enzymes in gluconeogenesis? Pyruvate carboxylase – is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes a carboxylation reaction converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate using a reaction mechanism involving a biotinyl "swinging arm" and ATP hydrolysis. Pyruvate carboxylase is dependent on alloste ...
EnERGY TRANSFORMATIONS IN NATURE
... • O2 is a by-product released • The removed electrons (e -) are excited to a higher energy state and then excited again (by Photosystem I) to an even higher energy state • These electrons are then used to convert the NADP into NADPH (a carrier molecule) • Transports H+ across the thylakoid membrane ...
... • O2 is a by-product released • The removed electrons (e -) are excited to a higher energy state and then excited again (by Photosystem I) to an even higher energy state • These electrons are then used to convert the NADP into NADPH (a carrier molecule) • Transports H+ across the thylakoid membrane ...
Proteins in Solution and in Membrane
... 2. Facilitated diffusion: mediated by MP, but not energy-dependent. e.g.: glucose and amino acids (via carrier proteins) and charged ions such as H+, Cl-, Na+, Ca+ (via channels). 3. Active transport: transport against concentration gradient, driven by ATP hydrolysis. e.g.: Na+-K+ pump, Ca+ pump. ...
... 2. Facilitated diffusion: mediated by MP, but not energy-dependent. e.g.: glucose and amino acids (via carrier proteins) and charged ions such as H+, Cl-, Na+, Ca+ (via channels). 3. Active transport: transport against concentration gradient, driven by ATP hydrolysis. e.g.: Na+-K+ pump, Ca+ pump. ...
chemical structure of purine and pyrimidin nitrogen bases
... Conjugated proteins contain two components: protein and non-protein part that is called a prosthetic group. In accordance with the character of this group one distinguishes: ...
... Conjugated proteins contain two components: protein and non-protein part that is called a prosthetic group. In accordance with the character of this group one distinguishes: ...
File
... A) cyanide is highly toxic to human cells, while dinitrophenol is nontoxic. B) cyanide is an electron transport blocker, while dinitrophenol makes the membrane of the mitochondrion leaky to H+ ions. C) cyanide makes the membrane of mitochondria leaky to H+ ions and prevents a concentration gradient ...
... A) cyanide is highly toxic to human cells, while dinitrophenol is nontoxic. B) cyanide is an electron transport blocker, while dinitrophenol makes the membrane of the mitochondrion leaky to H+ ions. C) cyanide makes the membrane of mitochondria leaky to H+ ions and prevents a concentration gradient ...
File
... A) cyanide is highly toxic to human cells, while dinitrophenol is nontoxic. B) cyanide is an electron transport blocker, while dinitrophenol makes the membrane of the mitochondrion leaky to H+ ions. C) cyanide makes the membrane of mitochondria leaky to H+ ions and prevents a concentration gradient ...
... A) cyanide is highly toxic to human cells, while dinitrophenol is nontoxic. B) cyanide is an electron transport blocker, while dinitrophenol makes the membrane of the mitochondrion leaky to H+ ions. C) cyanide makes the membrane of mitochondria leaky to H+ ions and prevents a concentration gradient ...
Pentose phosphate pathway = PPP Pentose phosphate cycle
... etc.) that react with GSH, so GSH is not enough for reduction of hydrogen-peroxide, rbc. are hemolyzed. ...
... etc.) that react with GSH, so GSH is not enough for reduction of hydrogen-peroxide, rbc. are hemolyzed. ...
Enzymes
... with, for example, a low constant activity provided by one enzyme but an inducible high activity from a second enzyme. Enzymes determine what steps occur in these pathways. Without enzymes, metabolism would neither progress through the same steps nor be fast enough to serve the needs of the cell. In ...
... with, for example, a low constant activity provided by one enzyme but an inducible high activity from a second enzyme. Enzymes determine what steps occur in these pathways. Without enzymes, metabolism would neither progress through the same steps nor be fast enough to serve the needs of the cell. In ...
Lecture Chpt. 08 Metabol
... Chemical reactions & energy • Some chemical reactions release energy – exergonic – breaking polymers – hydrolysis = catabolism ...
... Chemical reactions & energy • Some chemical reactions release energy – exergonic – breaking polymers – hydrolysis = catabolism ...
Hexose MonoPhosphate (HMP) shunt pathway
... drug reduction, and as a cofactor for some non-synthetic enzymatic reactions. In addition, HMP is used for the production of ribose for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis. The hexose monophosphate pathway also allows the entry of some carbohydrates into the glycolytic ...
... drug reduction, and as a cofactor for some non-synthetic enzymatic reactions. In addition, HMP is used for the production of ribose for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis. The hexose monophosphate pathway also allows the entry of some carbohydrates into the glycolytic ...
Hexose MonoPhosphate (HMP) shunt pathway
... drug reduction, and as a cofactor for some non-synthetic enzymatic reactions. In addition, HMP is used for the production of ribose for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis. The hexose monophosphate pathway also allows the entry of some carbohydrates into the glycolytic ...
... drug reduction, and as a cofactor for some non-synthetic enzymatic reactions. In addition, HMP is used for the production of ribose for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis. The hexose monophosphate pathway also allows the entry of some carbohydrates into the glycolytic ...
3. Biological membranes and cell compartments
... Carried-mediated diffusion is saturable and mediated by transmembrane proteins (e.g. ion channels) Passive transport carries ions in the direction of the concentration gradient Active transport used ATP hydrolysis energy or another favorable concentration gradient to carry ions against a conce ...
... Carried-mediated diffusion is saturable and mediated by transmembrane proteins (e.g. ion channels) Passive transport carries ions in the direction of the concentration gradient Active transport used ATP hydrolysis energy or another favorable concentration gradient to carry ions against a conce ...
Chapter 5: Major Metabolic Pathways
... Metabolism is the collection of enzymecatalyzed reactions that convert substrates that are external to the cell into various internal products. ...
... Metabolism is the collection of enzymecatalyzed reactions that convert substrates that are external to the cell into various internal products. ...
The Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides
... and the catalytic site. The Activity Site turns the enzyme “ON” or “OFF”; the Specificity Site controls which nucleotide will be reduced; and the catalytic site performs the reduction. When the Activity Site is occupied by ATP the enzyme is turned “ON”. When the Activity Site is occupied by deoxy AT ...
... and the catalytic site. The Activity Site turns the enzyme “ON” or “OFF”; the Specificity Site controls which nucleotide will be reduced; and the catalytic site performs the reduction. When the Activity Site is occupied by ATP the enzyme is turned “ON”. When the Activity Site is occupied by deoxy AT ...
Membrane Transport - Austin Publishing Group
... determined. Lactose permease catalyzes uptake of the disaccharide lactose into E. coli bacterial cells, along with hydrogen ions, driven by the protein electrochemical gradient. ...
... determined. Lactose permease catalyzes uptake of the disaccharide lactose into E. coli bacterial cells, along with hydrogen ions, driven by the protein electrochemical gradient. ...
A report on TAK-875 analysis using the Heptox Virtual Liver Platform
... combination of a virtual liver (in silico) model and an in vitro assay set that provides the mechanistic rationale behind a compound’s toxicity, a prediction of the in vivo exposure that could lead to toxicity, and the adaptive response of the liver to the exposure. The in silico model outputs are e ...
... combination of a virtual liver (in silico) model and an in vitro assay set that provides the mechanistic rationale behind a compound’s toxicity, a prediction of the in vivo exposure that could lead to toxicity, and the adaptive response of the liver to the exposure. The in silico model outputs are e ...
Lecture 20
... ADP + P Energy from ATP is released when a phosphate bond is broken. This energy fuels the body’s work. ...
... ADP + P Energy from ATP is released when a phosphate bond is broken. This energy fuels the body’s work. ...
ATP
... to provide energy needed for synapses to function Intestinal epithelial cells – mitochondria beneath the microvilli to release energy for the absorption of digested food by active transport Inner membrane of the mitochondrion is folded to form cristae which are lined with stalked particles for oxida ...
... to provide energy needed for synapses to function Intestinal epithelial cells – mitochondria beneath the microvilli to release energy for the absorption of digested food by active transport Inner membrane of the mitochondrion is folded to form cristae which are lined with stalked particles for oxida ...
Contents
... At the outset, the senior author of the book welcomes his two sons, Dr. Sunjay Jain and Er. Nitin Jain who have joined me as coauthors of this text, a credit which would have been given earlier to them as they were helping in a latent way in the evolution of the book for the past many years. Thirty ...
... At the outset, the senior author of the book welcomes his two sons, Dr. Sunjay Jain and Er. Nitin Jain who have joined me as coauthors of this text, a credit which would have been given earlier to them as they were helping in a latent way in the evolution of the book for the past many years. Thirty ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.