Biologically Important Inorganic Elements Occurrence and Availability
... Transition Metals in Biomolecules Iron. Most abundant metal in biology, used by all plants and animals including bacteria. Some roles duplicated by other metals, while others are unique to Fe. Iron use has survived the evolution of the O2 atmosphere on earth and the instability of Fe(II) with respe ...
... Transition Metals in Biomolecules Iron. Most abundant metal in biology, used by all plants and animals including bacteria. Some roles duplicated by other metals, while others are unique to Fe. Iron use has survived the evolution of the O2 atmosphere on earth and the instability of Fe(II) with respe ...
Keshara Senanayake Ms.Reep AP BIOLOGY Chapter 6
... >key feature of cell managing energy resources to do this work is via energy coupling use of exergonic process to drive a endergonic one >ATP is responsible for mediating most energy coupling in cells (acts are immediate source of energy in many cases) ATP (adenosine troposphere) contains sugar ...
... >key feature of cell managing energy resources to do this work is via energy coupling use of exergonic process to drive a endergonic one >ATP is responsible for mediating most energy coupling in cells (acts are immediate source of energy in many cases) ATP (adenosine troposphere) contains sugar ...
factors_effecting_en..
... (b)A non-competitive inhibitor molecule is quite different in structure from the substrate molecule and does not fit into the active site. It binds to another part of the enzyme molecule, changing the shape of the whole enzyme, including the active site, so that it can no longer bind substrate mole ...
... (b)A non-competitive inhibitor molecule is quite different in structure from the substrate molecule and does not fit into the active site. It binds to another part of the enzyme molecule, changing the shape of the whole enzyme, including the active site, so that it can no longer bind substrate mole ...
BS2550 Lecture Notes cAMP
... A hormone is a molecule which is released from and endocrine cell in response to a physiological signal, into the blood circulation and then affects the metabolism in one or more target cells. Hormones are of two types (1) Those which can cross the plasma membrane, and are taken up by the nuclei by ...
... A hormone is a molecule which is released from and endocrine cell in response to a physiological signal, into the blood circulation and then affects the metabolism in one or more target cells. Hormones are of two types (1) Those which can cross the plasma membrane, and are taken up by the nuclei by ...
Glycolysis
... -In the exercising muscle a lot of NADH is produced from glycolysis and from citric acid that exceed the oxidative capacity of respiratory chain elevation of NADH/NAD+ ratio favoring the reduction of pyruvate to lactate accumulation drop of pH muscle cramps Much of lactate diffuses into the b ...
... -In the exercising muscle a lot of NADH is produced from glycolysis and from citric acid that exceed the oxidative capacity of respiratory chain elevation of NADH/NAD+ ratio favoring the reduction of pyruvate to lactate accumulation drop of pH muscle cramps Much of lactate diffuses into the b ...
Effects of Aging on Activities of Mitochondrial Electron Transport
... Age-related changes in activities of electron transport chain complexes To evaluate the effect of aging on mitochondrial function we measured enzyme activities of complexes I-IV in cardiac mitochondria isolated from adult (6-month old), old (15-month old) and senescent (26-month old) rats (Fig. 1). ...
... Age-related changes in activities of electron transport chain complexes To evaluate the effect of aging on mitochondrial function we measured enzyme activities of complexes I-IV in cardiac mitochondria isolated from adult (6-month old), old (15-month old) and senescent (26-month old) rats (Fig. 1). ...
4-BCH201_Enzymes
... Other enzymes are produced in an inactive form due to either: - Presence of excess polypeptide in their structure and is converted to active form after deletion of this part. Pepsin is produced as inactive pepsinogen which will cut to peptide + pepsin - Lack of part of the enzyme and is converted to ...
... Other enzymes are produced in an inactive form due to either: - Presence of excess polypeptide in their structure and is converted to active form after deletion of this part. Pepsin is produced as inactive pepsinogen which will cut to peptide + pepsin - Lack of part of the enzyme and is converted to ...
L14_Adv06PDHwebCT
... (addition of COO-) is the same as for pyruvate carboxylase!!! ATP-dependent carboxylation of the biotin, carried out at active site 1 , is followed by transfer of the carboxyl group to acetyl-CoA at a second active site 2 . only difference is COO- is added to acetylCoA rather than to pyruvate ...
... (addition of COO-) is the same as for pyruvate carboxylase!!! ATP-dependent carboxylation of the biotin, carried out at active site 1 , is followed by transfer of the carboxyl group to acetyl-CoA at a second active site 2 . only difference is COO- is added to acetylCoA rather than to pyruvate ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Cells Use and Transform Matter and Energy: Two Basic Metabolic Pathways Catabolism Requires enzymes Breakdown of molecules May release energy Used in breaking down nutrients and recycling cell components ...
... Cells Use and Transform Matter and Energy: Two Basic Metabolic Pathways Catabolism Requires enzymes Breakdown of molecules May release energy Used in breaking down nutrients and recycling cell components ...
(TCA) cycle
... In addition, oxygen regulates the TCA cycle since the reduced electron carriers are recycled, consuming oxygen as the electron acceptor. Oxygen controls the expression of genes for TCA cycle enzymes (1) Facultative anaerobes do not synthesize 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase under anaerobic conditi ...
... In addition, oxygen regulates the TCA cycle since the reduced electron carriers are recycled, consuming oxygen as the electron acceptor. Oxygen controls the expression of genes for TCA cycle enzymes (1) Facultative anaerobes do not synthesize 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase under anaerobic conditi ...
The Producers
... cofactors (esp. Mg++) required for Calvin cycle enzymes • Ferredoxin oxidized by light reactions reduces thioredoxin. Reduced thioredoxin coenzyme for Calvin cycle enzymes ...
... cofactors (esp. Mg++) required for Calvin cycle enzymes • Ferredoxin oxidized by light reactions reduces thioredoxin. Reduced thioredoxin coenzyme for Calvin cycle enzymes ...
Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation
... In reference to ATP the term high-energy molecule does not mean that there is a great deal of energy stored in a particular bond of ATP. It simply indicates that the removal of the terminal phosphate goes to completion with a large negative standard free energy change, or the reaction is strongly ex ...
... In reference to ATP the term high-energy molecule does not mean that there is a great deal of energy stored in a particular bond of ATP. It simply indicates that the removal of the terminal phosphate goes to completion with a large negative standard free energy change, or the reaction is strongly ex ...
red blood cell (rbc) membrane and enzyme disorders
... - maintenance of hemoglobinʼs iron in itʼs functional (ferrous) state - protection of metabolic enzymes and membrane b proteins t i ffrom oxidative id ti d denaturation t ti ...
... - maintenance of hemoglobinʼs iron in itʼs functional (ferrous) state - protection of metabolic enzymes and membrane b proteins t i ffrom oxidative id ti d denaturation t ti ...
Lipid Synthesis 1. Fatty acid synthesis
... Fatty acids are a more efficient form of energy storage than carbohydrates because they are less hydrated, as result of fewer hydroxyl groups being available for hydrogen bonding. The energy content of fat tissue is 38 kJ/gm compared to 17 kJ/gm for carbohydrates. The processes of fatty acid degrada ...
... Fatty acids are a more efficient form of energy storage than carbohydrates because they are less hydrated, as result of fewer hydroxyl groups being available for hydrogen bonding. The energy content of fat tissue is 38 kJ/gm compared to 17 kJ/gm for carbohydrates. The processes of fatty acid degrada ...
Citrate transporters of Bacillus subtilis Krom, Bastiaan Philip
... All living cells are surrounded by a cytoplasmic membrane that forms a hydrophobic barrier between the cytoplasm and the exterior. This membrane usually consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and is essential for maintaining optimal internal conditions for metabolism and for energ ...
... All living cells are surrounded by a cytoplasmic membrane that forms a hydrophobic barrier between the cytoplasm and the exterior. This membrane usually consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and is essential for maintaining optimal internal conditions for metabolism and for energ ...
12.1 Mechanisms regulating enzyme synthesis 12.1.2.2 Enzyme
... Microbial ecosystems are oligotrophic with a limited availability of nutrients. Furthermore, nutrients are not usually found in balanced concentrations while the organisms have to compete with each other for available nutrients. Organic materials are converted to carbon skeletons for monomer a ...
... Microbial ecosystems are oligotrophic with a limited availability of nutrients. Furthermore, nutrients are not usually found in balanced concentrations while the organisms have to compete with each other for available nutrients. Organic materials are converted to carbon skeletons for monomer a ...
ENZYME: an essential catalyst
... Transcription and translation of enzyme genes can be enhanced or diminished by a cell in response to changes in the cell's environment. This form of gene regulation is called enzyme induction and inhibition. For example, bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin because enzymes ...
... Transcription and translation of enzyme genes can be enhanced or diminished by a cell in response to changes in the cell's environment. This form of gene regulation is called enzyme induction and inhibition. For example, bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin because enzymes ...
Fat-Soluble
... (releases carbon dioxide), and the electron transport chain (uses oxygen to make a lot of ATP). • Niacin is needed to make NADH, which carries electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle into the electron transport chain. (see diagram, next slide) • Riboflavin is needed to make FADH2, which has a ...
... (releases carbon dioxide), and the electron transport chain (uses oxygen to make a lot of ATP). • Niacin is needed to make NADH, which carries electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle into the electron transport chain. (see diagram, next slide) • Riboflavin is needed to make FADH2, which has a ...
B3. Enzymes - IGCSEBiology-Dnl
... needs to be carefully controlled because: high temperature denatures enzymes , so enzymes will not work at low temperature, enzymes are inactive thus they work slowly constant optimum temperature such as 37 oC maintains optimum conditions for enzyme activity ...
... needs to be carefully controlled because: high temperature denatures enzymes , so enzymes will not work at low temperature, enzymes are inactive thus they work slowly constant optimum temperature such as 37 oC maintains optimum conditions for enzyme activity ...
haemoglobin: structure, properties and biomedical functions
... in mammals and other animals. A spheroidal heme protein having four subunits each consisting of a globular protein non-covalently bound, with an embedded heme group. Hb has a molecular weight of about 64456. The globular protein units of Hb is made up of two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, i. ...
... in mammals and other animals. A spheroidal heme protein having four subunits each consisting of a globular protein non-covalently bound, with an embedded heme group. Hb has a molecular weight of about 64456. The globular protein units of Hb is made up of two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, i. ...
Quiz 2 Review Sheet
... cells convert the stored chemical potential “energy” in food to stored chemical potential “energy” in ATP. Draw a diagram to accompany your explanation if you wish. Be as specific as possible. Make sure you discuss affinity, reduction, oxidation, all of the energy transfers and when exergonic proces ...
... cells convert the stored chemical potential “energy” in food to stored chemical potential “energy” in ATP. Draw a diagram to accompany your explanation if you wish. Be as specific as possible. Make sure you discuss affinity, reduction, oxidation, all of the energy transfers and when exergonic proces ...
Diapositive 1
... Protein targeting and sorting signals Targeting and sorting signals are amino acid stretches encoded in the primary sequence that define the journey of a given protein in the cell and its final localization. A single protein may contain several targeting and sorting signals. A signal sequence co ...
... Protein targeting and sorting signals Targeting and sorting signals are amino acid stretches encoded in the primary sequence that define the journey of a given protein in the cell and its final localization. A single protein may contain several targeting and sorting signals. A signal sequence co ...
Mitochondrial Biogenesis - Liberation Chiropractic and Wellness
... • ATP Synthase – Energy is tapped by protons flowing ...
... • ATP Synthase – Energy is tapped by protons flowing ...
Cellular Metabolism
... In aerobic respiration, ATP forms as electrons are harvested, transferred along the electron transport chain and eventually donated to O2 gas. Oxygen is required! Glucose is completely oxidized. ...
... In aerobic respiration, ATP forms as electrons are harvested, transferred along the electron transport chain and eventually donated to O2 gas. Oxygen is required! Glucose is completely oxidized. ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.