CO2 reduction to acetate in anaerobic bacteria
... AG O' value of this reaction is - 57.3 kJ/mol, with N A D H - 3 9 . 4 kJ/tool. The enzyme has been purified from Clostridium formicoaceticum by Clark and Ljungdahl [18]. It mediates the reduction of methylene-THF with reduced ferredoxin as the electron donor. In the carbon monoxide-utilizing homoace ...
... AG O' value of this reaction is - 57.3 kJ/mol, with N A D H - 3 9 . 4 kJ/tool. The enzyme has been purified from Clostridium formicoaceticum by Clark and Ljungdahl [18]. It mediates the reduction of methylene-THF with reduced ferredoxin as the electron donor. In the carbon monoxide-utilizing homoace ...
Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell)
... B) Extremely stable bonds link the second and third phosphate groups. C) It contains the six-carbon sugar hexose. يحتوي على جزيء من قاعدة نيتروجينية يسمى االدنين ...
... B) Extremely stable bonds link the second and third phosphate groups. C) It contains the six-carbon sugar hexose. يحتوي على جزيء من قاعدة نيتروجينية يسمى االدنين ...
- PlanbookConnect
... B. To turn glucose into ATP C. To produce carbon dioxide D. To break down ATP ...
... B. To turn glucose into ATP C. To produce carbon dioxide D. To break down ATP ...
biochem ch 20 [2-9
... Succinate oxidized to oxaloacetate with generation of one FAD(2H) and one NADH Net reaction of TCA cycle shows 2 carbons of acetyl group oxidized to 2 CO2, with conservation of energy as 3 NADH, 1 FAD(2H), and 1 GTP TCA cycle requires large number of vitamins and minerals to function, including ni ...
... Succinate oxidized to oxaloacetate with generation of one FAD(2H) and one NADH Net reaction of TCA cycle shows 2 carbons of acetyl group oxidized to 2 CO2, with conservation of energy as 3 NADH, 1 FAD(2H), and 1 GTP TCA cycle requires large number of vitamins and minerals to function, including ni ...
+ Enzyme Inhibitors
... cytochrome C oxidase, an enzyme in the electron transport chain in the cell. It therefore inhibits ATP production and cellular respiration. ...
... cytochrome C oxidase, an enzyme in the electron transport chain in the cell. It therefore inhibits ATP production and cellular respiration. ...
1 The diagram below represents a biological process 5
... Which statement concerning proteins is not correct? 1) Proteins are long, usually folded, chains. 2) The shape of a protein molecule determines its function. 3) Proteins can be broken down and used for energy. 4) Proteins are bonded together, resulting in simple sugars. 81. The diagram below represe ...
... Which statement concerning proteins is not correct? 1) Proteins are long, usually folded, chains. 2) The shape of a protein molecule determines its function. 3) Proteins can be broken down and used for energy. 4) Proteins are bonded together, resulting in simple sugars. 81. The diagram below represe ...
1. Most organisms are active in a limited temperature range
... energy required to start the reaction is lower when an enzyme is present) Enzyme structure • Enzymes are made up of proteins and the basic building block of proteins is the amino acid. Two amino acids bonded together form a dipeptide. When a number of dipeptides join together a polypeptide chain is ...
... energy required to start the reaction is lower when an enzyme is present) Enzyme structure • Enzymes are made up of proteins and the basic building block of proteins is the amino acid. Two amino acids bonded together form a dipeptide. When a number of dipeptides join together a polypeptide chain is ...
Methods S1.
... Mitochondrial oxygen consumption was measured polarographically at 37 °C using a respiratory system (System S 200A, Strathkelvin Instruments, Glasgow, Scotland). Mitochondria (2 mg protein/ml) were suspended in respiration buffer (130 mmol/L KCl, 5 mmol/L K2HPO4, 20 mmol/L MOPS, 2.5 mmol/L EGTA, 1 μ ...
... Mitochondrial oxygen consumption was measured polarographically at 37 °C using a respiratory system (System S 200A, Strathkelvin Instruments, Glasgow, Scotland). Mitochondria (2 mg protein/ml) were suspended in respiration buffer (130 mmol/L KCl, 5 mmol/L K2HPO4, 20 mmol/L MOPS, 2.5 mmol/L EGTA, 1 μ ...
5IntracellTrans
... B. The protein eventually will move through the vesicular pathway. C. This occurs when proteins are transported into chloroplasts and mitochondria. D. The signal peptide is cleaved after the protein enters its target destination. E. transport requires the action of a “membrane transport complex.” 2. ...
... B. The protein eventually will move through the vesicular pathway. C. This occurs when proteins are transported into chloroplasts and mitochondria. D. The signal peptide is cleaved after the protein enters its target destination. E. transport requires the action of a “membrane transport complex.” 2. ...
Energy Transformation — Cellular Respiration
... 1. The ATP produced during glycolysis is insufficient to sustain life processes. As a result, molecular oxygen has to appear to supply a bulk of ATP (almost 90%) to the body cells. Hence, most cells of multicellular organisms cannot live long without oxygen, especially the human brain cells which ca ...
... 1. The ATP produced during glycolysis is insufficient to sustain life processes. As a result, molecular oxygen has to appear to supply a bulk of ATP (almost 90%) to the body cells. Hence, most cells of multicellular organisms cannot live long without oxygen, especially the human brain cells which ca ...
Lecture 33
... of the malarial parasite in red blood cells by creating a hostile environment (reactive oxygen species). The biochemical basis for this drug-induced illness was found to be lower than normal levels of NADPH due to a G6PD deficiency. The acute hemolytic anemia seen in individuals with G6PD who are tr ...
... of the malarial parasite in red blood cells by creating a hostile environment (reactive oxygen species). The biochemical basis for this drug-induced illness was found to be lower than normal levels of NADPH due to a G6PD deficiency. The acute hemolytic anemia seen in individuals with G6PD who are tr ...
Bio1A - Lec 9 slides File
... Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP • The breakdown of organic molecules is exergonic • Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP • Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2 • Anaerobic respiration - similar, but consumes compounds other ...
... Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP • The breakdown of organic molecules is exergonic • Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP • Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2 • Anaerobic respiration - similar, but consumes compounds other ...
Carbohydrate metabolism
... cell in kidneys. Glucose (Glc) moves via the facilitative transporters against its concentration gradient. Utilization of Glc Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway occuring in the cytoplasm of the cell. Glc is oxidized: a) to pyruvate (Pyr) CH3-CO- COO- under aerobic conditions = aerobic glycolysis b) t ...
... cell in kidneys. Glucose (Glc) moves via the facilitative transporters against its concentration gradient. Utilization of Glc Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway occuring in the cytoplasm of the cell. Glc is oxidized: a) to pyruvate (Pyr) CH3-CO- COO- under aerobic conditions = aerobic glycolysis b) t ...
Chemistry Final Exam Practice Test
... 70. When an electron moves from a lower to a higher energy level, the electron _____. a) always doubles its energy b) absorbs a continuously variable amount of energy c) absorbs a quantum of energy d) moves closer to the nucleus ...
... 70. When an electron moves from a lower to a higher energy level, the electron _____. a) always doubles its energy b) absorbs a continuously variable amount of energy c) absorbs a quantum of energy d) moves closer to the nucleus ...
Worked solutions: Chapter 2 Human biochemistry
... Aerobic respiration of glucose releases 2860 kJ of energy per mole of glucose whereas anaerobic respiration in humans releases 120 kJ of energy per mole of glucose. In yeast, only 69 kJ of energy is released per mole of glucose. ...
... Aerobic respiration of glucose releases 2860 kJ of energy per mole of glucose whereas anaerobic respiration in humans releases 120 kJ of energy per mole of glucose. In yeast, only 69 kJ of energy is released per mole of glucose. ...
Enzymes
... Therefore, they can be used over and over again (although, eventually, they do break down (disintegrate) over time). ***Enzymes are classified as catalysts. Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of a reaction, but are not changed. ...
... Therefore, they can be used over and over again (although, eventually, they do break down (disintegrate) over time). ***Enzymes are classified as catalysts. Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of a reaction, but are not changed. ...
Cellular Respiration
... acid enters the pathways of aerobic respiration. (Aerobic respiration is covered in detail in the next section.) In anaerobic conditions (when oxygen is absent), however, some cells can convert pyruvic acid into other compounds through additional biochemical pathways that occur in the cytosol. The c ...
... acid enters the pathways of aerobic respiration. (Aerobic respiration is covered in detail in the next section.) In anaerobic conditions (when oxygen is absent), however, some cells can convert pyruvic acid into other compounds through additional biochemical pathways that occur in the cytosol. The c ...
Microbial Metabolism
... bacteria are fascinating because they allow microorganisms to do things we cannot do. For example, some bacteria can live on cellulose, whereas others can live on petroleum. Through their metabolism, bacteria recycle elements after other organisms have used them. Still other bacteria can live on die ...
... bacteria are fascinating because they allow microorganisms to do things we cannot do. For example, some bacteria can live on cellulose, whereas others can live on petroleum. Through their metabolism, bacteria recycle elements after other organisms have used them. Still other bacteria can live on die ...
Lecture 32 - People Server at UNCW
... Smooth Muscle Parts of two muscle cells Thick and thin filaments interdigitate, but not arranged in sarcomeres Thin filaments anchored to dense bodies Muscle fibers connected by gap junctions ...
... Smooth Muscle Parts of two muscle cells Thick and thin filaments interdigitate, but not arranged in sarcomeres Thin filaments anchored to dense bodies Muscle fibers connected by gap junctions ...
WATER - Biology Mad
... 2. The two ends (the head and the tail) of a fatty acid molecule have different properties – they are therefore polar molecules: a). The carboxyl end (= head) of the molecule is charged, and thus attracted to water molecules. It is said to be hydrophyllic, which means “water-loving”. b). The hydroca ...
... 2. The two ends (the head and the tail) of a fatty acid molecule have different properties – they are therefore polar molecules: a). The carboxyl end (= head) of the molecule is charged, and thus attracted to water molecules. It is said to be hydrophyllic, which means “water-loving”. b). The hydroca ...
Use the illustration below to answer
... What is the purpose of active transport if molecules can already move into and out of the cell by diffusion or facilitated transport? a. Some molecules must move down the concentration gradient and energy is required to accomplish this. b. Water molecules need to move even when solutions are isotoni ...
... What is the purpose of active transport if molecules can already move into and out of the cell by diffusion or facilitated transport? a. Some molecules must move down the concentration gradient and energy is required to accomplish this. b. Water molecules need to move even when solutions are isotoni ...
Chapter 19 Lipid Metabolism
... acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA--- the end product of each round of β-oxidation--- then enters the TCA cycle, where it is further oxidized to CO2 with the concomitant generation of three moles of NADH, one mole of FADH2 and one mole of ATP. The NADH and FADH2 generated during the fat oxidation and acetyl ...
... acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA--- the end product of each round of β-oxidation--- then enters the TCA cycle, where it is further oxidized to CO2 with the concomitant generation of three moles of NADH, one mole of FADH2 and one mole of ATP. The NADH and FADH2 generated during the fat oxidation and acetyl ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.