Reactive Oxygen Species
... A scheme of the catalytic cycle of cytochrome P450-containing monooxygenases. The binding of the substrate (RH) to ferric P450 (a) results in the formation of the substrate complex (b). The ferric P450 then accepts the first electron from CPR (cytochrome P450 reductase), thereby being reduced to the ...
... A scheme of the catalytic cycle of cytochrome P450-containing monooxygenases. The binding of the substrate (RH) to ferric P450 (a) results in the formation of the substrate complex (b). The ferric P450 then accepts the first electron from CPR (cytochrome P450 reductase), thereby being reduced to the ...
Student Overview - 3D Molecular Designs
... Take another deep breath. Oxygen-rich air is sweeping into your lungs, entering passages with many branches that lead to delicate air sacs, called alveoli. Many tiny vessels, called capillaries, supply your alveoli with blood. The alveoli and capillaries come into contact with each other over a very ...
... Take another deep breath. Oxygen-rich air is sweeping into your lungs, entering passages with many branches that lead to delicate air sacs, called alveoli. Many tiny vessels, called capillaries, supply your alveoli with blood. The alveoli and capillaries come into contact with each other over a very ...
metabolic pathways - MPG Systems Biology Forum
... indeed realized in Clusia minor (Borland et al, 1994). • Interestingly, (almost) pure elementary modes are realized here, although this should reduce robustness S. Schuster, D.A. Fell: Modelling and simulating metabolic networks. In: Bioinformatics: From Genomes to Therapies (T. Lengauer, ed.) Wiley ...
... indeed realized in Clusia minor (Borland et al, 1994). • Interestingly, (almost) pure elementary modes are realized here, although this should reduce robustness S. Schuster, D.A. Fell: Modelling and simulating metabolic networks. In: Bioinformatics: From Genomes to Therapies (T. Lengauer, ed.) Wiley ...
Enzymes I
... and folic acid are vitamins (compounds that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be acquired from the diet). The chemical groups carried include the hydride ion (H-) carried by NAD or NADP+, the phosphate group carried by adenosine triphosphate, the acetyl group carried by coenzyme A, formyl, ...
... and folic acid are vitamins (compounds that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be acquired from the diet). The chemical groups carried include the hydride ion (H-) carried by NAD or NADP+, the phosphate group carried by adenosine triphosphate, the acetyl group carried by coenzyme A, formyl, ...
Standard Gibbs Free Energy Changes of Enzyme Reactions in
... Although we need more analysis, a large positive free energy change could be a barrier of an enzyme reaction and hence could be considered as a biochemically infeasible reaction. A large negative free energy change may mean that the reaction is virtually irreversible, which can also be used to suppr ...
... Although we need more analysis, a large positive free energy change could be a barrier of an enzyme reaction and hence could be considered as a biochemically infeasible reaction. A large negative free energy change may mean that the reaction is virtually irreversible, which can also be used to suppr ...
1) From
... Symports and antiports • Couple movement of one molecule with that of one or more other substrates. Energy is derived from concentration gradients no ATP needed (directly) although indirectly to establish gradient. • The high-affinity pumps for amino acids, and neurotransmitters are principally Na ...
... Symports and antiports • Couple movement of one molecule with that of one or more other substrates. Energy is derived from concentration gradients no ATP needed (directly) although indirectly to establish gradient. • The high-affinity pumps for amino acids, and neurotransmitters are principally Na ...
Cell Organelles
... The endoplasmic reticulum (also known as the ER) is made up of a wide system of membranes that make up over fifty percent of the total membrane in numerous eukaryotic cells, and consists of two sections that have different functions: the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the rough endoplasmic reticul ...
... The endoplasmic reticulum (also known as the ER) is made up of a wide system of membranes that make up over fifty percent of the total membrane in numerous eukaryotic cells, and consists of two sections that have different functions: the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the rough endoplasmic reticul ...
Cells A
... • Energy stored in ionic gradients is used indirectly to drive transport of other solutes • Always involves cotransport – transport of more than one substance at a time • Two substances transported in same direction (Na+, glucose) ...
... • Energy stored in ionic gradients is used indirectly to drive transport of other solutes • Always involves cotransport – transport of more than one substance at a time • Two substances transported in same direction (Na+, glucose) ...
No Slide Title - Palm Beach State College
... – Distinguish between ions, electrolytes, and free radials. – Define the types of chemical bonds. ...
... – Distinguish between ions, electrolytes, and free radials. – Define the types of chemical bonds. ...
Extra slides (lecture Mon. 11/2)
... attacking the same phosphate as before. Now, His119 acts as a general base and His12 acts as a general acid, protonating the leaving group (the 2’OH). The two steps are a simple reversal, including the roles of the side chains. Only the substrate participants are different (H20 vs sugar 5’OH). ...
... attacking the same phosphate as before. Now, His119 acts as a general base and His12 acts as a general acid, protonating the leaving group (the 2’OH). The two steps are a simple reversal, including the roles of the side chains. Only the substrate participants are different (H20 vs sugar 5’OH). ...
Lec 01 - History of Microbiology True or False 1. Robert Koch is the
... 3. Which of these types of organisms gets its organic nutrients and energy from another organism? a. chemoheterotroph b. chemoautotroph c. photoheterotroph d. photoautotroph ...
... 3. Which of these types of organisms gets its organic nutrients and energy from another organism? a. chemoheterotroph b. chemoautotroph c. photoheterotroph d. photoautotroph ...
Cellular Respiration
... glycolysis, regenerating NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue. •Lactic Acid Fermentation In lactic acid fermentation, bacteria and other animals covert pyruvate to lactic acid. Makes things SOUR! •Alcohol fermentation- Yeasts convert pyruvate to alcohol and CO2 ...
... glycolysis, regenerating NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue. •Lactic Acid Fermentation In lactic acid fermentation, bacteria and other animals covert pyruvate to lactic acid. Makes things SOUR! •Alcohol fermentation- Yeasts convert pyruvate to alcohol and CO2 ...
Honors Biology - LangdonBiology.org
... 1. The enzyme that works best at neutral pH is: Salivary amylase (best at pH 7) 2. The enzyme that works best at high concentrations of H+ ions is: these are acidic conditions, so pepsin 3. If you needed both enzymes to work at the same time in the same test tube, what pH should you use? pH of 5 Wha ...
... 1. The enzyme that works best at neutral pH is: Salivary amylase (best at pH 7) 2. The enzyme that works best at high concentrations of H+ ions is: these are acidic conditions, so pepsin 3. If you needed both enzymes to work at the same time in the same test tube, what pH should you use? pH of 5 Wha ...
Honors Biology - LangdonBiology.org
... 1. The enzyme that works best at neutral pH is: Salivary amylase (best at pH 7) 2. The enzyme that works best at high concentrations of H+ ions is: these are acidic conditions, so pepsin 3. If you needed both enzymes to work at the same time in the same test tube, what pH should you use? pH of 5 Wha ...
... 1. The enzyme that works best at neutral pH is: Salivary amylase (best at pH 7) 2. The enzyme that works best at high concentrations of H+ ions is: these are acidic conditions, so pepsin 3. If you needed both enzymes to work at the same time in the same test tube, what pH should you use? pH of 5 Wha ...
395
... fatty acids – carbon and hydrogen chains with a COOH group on the end glycerol – modified simple sugar – 3 carbon molecule triglyceride is 3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol backbone they do not mix with water they are the most efficient and compact form of stored energy Functions of Trigl ...
... fatty acids – carbon and hydrogen chains with a COOH group on the end glycerol – modified simple sugar – 3 carbon molecule triglyceride is 3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol backbone they do not mix with water they are the most efficient and compact form of stored energy Functions of Trigl ...
Final Exam Study Guide: Chapter 16: Citric Acid Cycle
... Write the first reaction of the citric acid cycle. Name the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction and provide the formulas of the reactants and the products of this reaction. ...
... Write the first reaction of the citric acid cycle. Name the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction and provide the formulas of the reactants and the products of this reaction. ...
Practice Exam III
... away from their equilibrium values. What is an alternative explanation for why this reaction operates with a G’ 0? a). Adenylate kinase is altering the equilibrium of the reaction. b). Adenylate kinase is lowering the activation energy of the reaction such that a new step in the mechanism has bec ...
... away from their equilibrium values. What is an alternative explanation for why this reaction operates with a G’ 0? a). Adenylate kinase is altering the equilibrium of the reaction. b). Adenylate kinase is lowering the activation energy of the reaction such that a new step in the mechanism has bec ...
COMPARATIVE MODELING AND MOLECULAR
... aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases particular for their corresponding amino acid of class I and class II tRNA synthetases, that are monomers (IleRS, LeuRS, MetRS, GlnRS, ArgRS) and dimmers (LysRS, AspRS), and a bifunctional polypeptide (GluProRS), which recently was found out to exist as fusion protein (and ...
... aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases particular for their corresponding amino acid of class I and class II tRNA synthetases, that are monomers (IleRS, LeuRS, MetRS, GlnRS, ArgRS) and dimmers (LysRS, AspRS), and a bifunctional polypeptide (GluProRS), which recently was found out to exist as fusion protein (and ...
Slides
... within the cytoplasm). A network of membrane-bound channels providing a means of transport within the cells. Rough endoplasmic reticulum: is coated with ribosomes. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: generally found in cells producing lipids (fat), is devoid of ribosomes.) ...
... within the cytoplasm). A network of membrane-bound channels providing a means of transport within the cells. Rough endoplasmic reticulum: is coated with ribosomes. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: generally found in cells producing lipids (fat), is devoid of ribosomes.) ...
Precipitation and Redox Reactions
... - Losing electrons is oxidation, and the substance that loses the electrons is called the reducing agent. - Gaining electrons is reduction, and the substance that gains the electrons is called the oxidizing agent. ...
... - Losing electrons is oxidation, and the substance that loses the electrons is called the reducing agent. - Gaining electrons is reduction, and the substance that gains the electrons is called the oxidizing agent. ...
Carbohydrates
... AEROBIC RESPIRATION (Fate of Pyruvic Acid): (Question 4: Describe various steps of Kreb’s cycle. ...
... AEROBIC RESPIRATION (Fate of Pyruvic Acid): (Question 4: Describe various steps of Kreb’s cycle. ...
Lecture 11
... Vital to this process is the presence of coenzymes which act as hydrogen acceptors until the process of oxidative phosphorylation results in the formation of ATP Ultimately hydrogen combines with O2 to form water and the coenzymes are freed to accept more hydrogen so as to continue the process ...
... Vital to this process is the presence of coenzymes which act as hydrogen acceptors until the process of oxidative phosphorylation results in the formation of ATP Ultimately hydrogen combines with O2 to form water and the coenzymes are freed to accept more hydrogen so as to continue the process ...
CH 2
... 13) An important use of the NADPH produced in the pentose phosphate pathway is in the maintenance of a reducing environment in the cell. In order to reduce oxidized sulfhydryls back to their free states in the laboratory, we use mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol, but the cellular equivalent of this ...
... 13) An important use of the NADPH produced in the pentose phosphate pathway is in the maintenance of a reducing environment in the cell. In order to reduce oxidized sulfhydryls back to their free states in the laboratory, we use mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol, but the cellular equivalent of this ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.