ppt
... • substrates: lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, amino acids – Ala, Asp, Gln etc. • product: glucose • function: synthesis of Glc from non-sugar precursors • subcellular location: mitochondrial matrix + cytosol ...
... • substrates: lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, amino acids – Ala, Asp, Gln etc. • product: glucose • function: synthesis of Glc from non-sugar precursors • subcellular location: mitochondrial matrix + cytosol ...
Glucose control in cardiac surgery
... to matches glucose production, insulin secretion, and replacement ...
... to matches glucose production, insulin secretion, and replacement ...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (aka Hexose monophosphate shunt)
... Goes through a TPP-Xu-5-P adduct as intermediate ...
... Goes through a TPP-Xu-5-P adduct as intermediate ...
Summary of fatty acid synthesis
... 1. Humans do not have the enzymes required to introduce double bonds past the number 9 carbon of fatty acids. 2. Therefore, linoleic and linolenic acids, both important precursor molecules, are considered essential fatty acids ...
... 1. Humans do not have the enzymes required to introduce double bonds past the number 9 carbon of fatty acids. 2. Therefore, linoleic and linolenic acids, both important precursor molecules, are considered essential fatty acids ...
Glucose Metabolism
... A. Glucose in the bloodstream comes from the digestion and/or from glycogen stored in the liver and muscle. B. When glucose in the bloodstream enters the cytosol (internal fluid) of our cells, it is immediately converted to glucose – 6 – phosphate. 1. This is an exergonic process and not reversible. ...
... A. Glucose in the bloodstream comes from the digestion and/or from glycogen stored in the liver and muscle. B. When glucose in the bloodstream enters the cytosol (internal fluid) of our cells, it is immediately converted to glucose – 6 – phosphate. 1. This is an exergonic process and not reversible. ...
Slide 1
... acid pools are the amino acids glutamine and glutamate, and carbon flux in the mitochondrion is organized into two independent linear branches Branch 1 begins with the reductive carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate to isocitrate, which is then isomerized to citrate. This citrate is cleaved into a C2 co ...
... acid pools are the amino acids glutamine and glutamate, and carbon flux in the mitochondrion is organized into two independent linear branches Branch 1 begins with the reductive carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate to isocitrate, which is then isomerized to citrate. This citrate is cleaved into a C2 co ...
Oils and Fats
... results in decrease in the S.V. 2- S.V. Is useful in the identification of oils and fats. ...
... results in decrease in the S.V. 2- S.V. Is useful in the identification of oils and fats. ...
Respiration
... 1. NADPH not NADH is produced in PPP, which is required as reductant in fat synthesis. 2. This pathway produces several pentoses which are required for nucleic acid synthesis. 3. The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is thought to be involved in generating calvin cycle intermediates before the lea ...
... 1. NADPH not NADH is produced in PPP, which is required as reductant in fat synthesis. 2. This pathway produces several pentoses which are required for nucleic acid synthesis. 3. The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is thought to be involved in generating calvin cycle intermediates before the lea ...
Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acids
... the hydroxyl group at the beta position which forms a beta-ketoacyl-CoA derivative. This is the second oxidation step in this pathway and it is catalyzed by L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase. This enzyme needs to have NAD+ as a coenzyme and the NADH produced represents metabolic energy because for eve ...
... the hydroxyl group at the beta position which forms a beta-ketoacyl-CoA derivative. This is the second oxidation step in this pathway and it is catalyzed by L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase. This enzyme needs to have NAD+ as a coenzyme and the NADH produced represents metabolic energy because for eve ...
CHAPTER 2 The Chemistry of Living Things
... • What are the electron carrying coenzymes that are modified during glycolysis and what is their relevance to cellular respiration? • In the presence of oxygen how many of each of the reduced coenzymes are produced (per glucose)? • With oxygen the carbons from the original glucose exit glycolysis a ...
... • What are the electron carrying coenzymes that are modified during glycolysis and what is their relevance to cellular respiration? • In the presence of oxygen how many of each of the reduced coenzymes are produced (per glucose)? • With oxygen the carbons from the original glucose exit glycolysis a ...
C485 Exam I
... b) 3 pts What is meant by reciprocal regulation? Give an example associated with glycogen metabolism. When one molecule, or action turns on one pathway, while turning off the pathway that carries out the opposing activity. There are several of these. Protein kinase A is a good example. It activates ...
... b) 3 pts What is meant by reciprocal regulation? Give an example associated with glycogen metabolism. When one molecule, or action turns on one pathway, while turning off the pathway that carries out the opposing activity. There are several of these. Protein kinase A is a good example. It activates ...
Respiration II
... glycolytic enzymes are found in nearly all organisms. enzymes are found in nearly all organisms What does this observation imply about the evolution of glycolysis? ...
... glycolytic enzymes are found in nearly all organisms. enzymes are found in nearly all organisms What does this observation imply about the evolution of glycolysis? ...
Making basic science clinically relevant for learners: the biochemistry example Eric Niederhoffer
... • How is skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase-1 regulated? • What are the key Ca2+ regulated steps? • How does nervous tissue (neurons and glial cells) produce ATP (carbohydrates, fatty acids, ketone bodies, branched-chain amino acids)? • How do glial cells (astrocytes) assist neurons? • What are som ...
... • How is skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase-1 regulated? • What are the key Ca2+ regulated steps? • How does nervous tissue (neurons and glial cells) produce ATP (carbohydrates, fatty acids, ketone bodies, branched-chain amino acids)? • How do glial cells (astrocytes) assist neurons? • What are som ...
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration
... • Each ATP = 12 kcal/mole of energy. • Inefficient capture of energy, only 3.5 % of available energy in glucose. • Most remains in pyruvate. ...
... • Each ATP = 12 kcal/mole of energy. • Inefficient capture of energy, only 3.5 % of available energy in glucose. • Most remains in pyruvate. ...
Lecture-Lipid Metabolism - Creighton Chemistry Webserver
... cannot go to TCA because cycle intermediates have been used in gluconeogenesis) Accumulating acetyl CoA accelerates ketone body formation Increased acetone toxic, acetone volatile, characteristic odor to breath Increased acetoacetate or D--Hydroxybutyrate lowers blood pH ...
... cannot go to TCA because cycle intermediates have been used in gluconeogenesis) Accumulating acetyl CoA accelerates ketone body formation Increased acetone toxic, acetone volatile, characteristic odor to breath Increased acetoacetate or D--Hydroxybutyrate lowers blood pH ...
Carbohydrates
... be stored in the polymeric form (starch, glycogen) • Short-term energy needs are met by oxidation of glucose via glycolysis to ATP and NADH • Pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH that is used for detoxification, and for the biosynthesis of lipids and nucleotides • Structural polysaccharides (e. ...
... be stored in the polymeric form (starch, glycogen) • Short-term energy needs are met by oxidation of glucose via glycolysis to ATP and NADH • Pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH that is used for detoxification, and for the biosynthesis of lipids and nucleotides • Structural polysaccharides (e. ...
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
... finally amino acids if energy needs are not met by carbohydrates and fat Nutrients not used for energy are used to build up structure, are stored, or they are excreted 40% of the energy released in catabolism is captured in ATP, the rest is released as heat ...
... finally amino acids if energy needs are not met by carbohydrates and fat Nutrients not used for energy are used to build up structure, are stored, or they are excreted 40% of the energy released in catabolism is captured in ATP, the rest is released as heat ...
Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle
... Succinate is oxidized to fumarate, with the formation of FADH2. Succinyl CoA releases coenzyme A, becoming succinate, the energy thus released converts GDP to GTP, which in turn converts ADP to ATP. ...
... Succinate is oxidized to fumarate, with the formation of FADH2. Succinyl CoA releases coenzyme A, becoming succinate, the energy thus released converts GDP to GTP, which in turn converts ADP to ATP. ...
Metabolic effects of very-low-carbohydrate diets
... acetyl CoA into ketone bodies: Acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate. The liver cannot utilize ketone bodies because it lacks the mitochondrial enzyme succinyl CoA:3ketoacid CoA transferase required for activation of acetoacetate to acetoacetyl CoA 3. Therefore, ketone bodies flow from the liver to ext ...
... acetyl CoA into ketone bodies: Acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate. The liver cannot utilize ketone bodies because it lacks the mitochondrial enzyme succinyl CoA:3ketoacid CoA transferase required for activation of acetoacetate to acetoacetyl CoA 3. Therefore, ketone bodies flow from the liver to ext ...
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle
... the energy charge of the cell is high. Such enzymes include the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that synthesizes the acetyl-CoA needed for the first reaction of the TCA cycle. Also the enzymes citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, that regulate the firs ...
... the energy charge of the cell is high. Such enzymes include the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that synthesizes the acetyl-CoA needed for the first reaction of the TCA cycle. Also the enzymes citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, that regulate the firs ...
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle
... the energy charge of the cell is high. Such enzymes include the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that synthesizes the acetyl-CoA needed for the first reaction of the TCA cycle. Also the enzymes citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, that regulate the firs ...
... the energy charge of the cell is high. Such enzymes include the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that synthesizes the acetyl-CoA needed for the first reaction of the TCA cycle. Also the enzymes citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, that regulate the firs ...
Prof. Kamakaka`s Lecture 14 Notes (PPT)
... Glucokinase activity increases with increased glucose but is not inhibited by increased glu6PO4. The levels of the protein are regulated by insulin. Rate of reaction is driven by substrate-glucose not by demand for product-G6P. Allows all glu available to be converted to G6P and then if excess prese ...
... Glucokinase activity increases with increased glucose but is not inhibited by increased glu6PO4. The levels of the protein are regulated by insulin. Rate of reaction is driven by substrate-glucose not by demand for product-G6P. Allows all glu available to be converted to G6P and then if excess prese ...
Biochemistry of Cardiac Muscle and Lung
... creatinephosphate, increases the level of inorganic phosphate → activation of glycolysis (glucose needed from the bloodstream into the heart cells) → increase in the concentration of pyruvate → conversion by LDH to lactate. ...
... creatinephosphate, increases the level of inorganic phosphate → activation of glycolysis (glucose needed from the bloodstream into the heart cells) → increase in the concentration of pyruvate → conversion by LDH to lactate. ...
Glyceroneogenesis
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.