![Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle, also called the Krebs cycle or](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/000321712_1-dee7f4a9e9e13bace577e7561182d772-300x300.png)
Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle, also called the Krebs cycle or
... cycle or the citric acid cycle) It is the final pathway where the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids converge, their carbon skeletons being converted to CO2 and H2O. This oxidation provides energy for the production of the majority of ATP in most animals, including h ...
... cycle or the citric acid cycle) It is the final pathway where the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids converge, their carbon skeletons being converted to CO2 and H2O. This oxidation provides energy for the production of the majority of ATP in most animals, including h ...
Reactions of the citric acid cycle
... cycle or the citric acid cycle) It is the final pathway where the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids converge, their carbon skeletons being converted to CO2 and H2O. This oxidation provides energy for the production of the majority of ATP in most animals, including h ...
... cycle or the citric acid cycle) It is the final pathway where the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids converge, their carbon skeletons being converted to CO2 and H2O. This oxidation provides energy for the production of the majority of ATP in most animals, including h ...
Citric Acid cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid cycle or Krebs Cycle
... Conservation of energy of oxidation in the CAC: The two carbon acetyl group generated in PDC reaction enter the CAC, and two molecules of CO2 are released in on cycle. Thus there is complete oxidation of two carbons during one cycle. Although the two carbons which enter the cycle become the p ...
... Conservation of energy of oxidation in the CAC: The two carbon acetyl group generated in PDC reaction enter the CAC, and two molecules of CO2 are released in on cycle. Thus there is complete oxidation of two carbons during one cycle. Although the two carbons which enter the cycle become the p ...
BIO 322_Rec_4part1_Spring 2013
... Mitochondrial Oxidation of FA – three stages First stage – beta oxidation – oxidative removal of two carbon units in the form of acetyl CoA starting from carboxyl end of fatty acyl chain. ...
... Mitochondrial Oxidation of FA – three stages First stage – beta oxidation – oxidative removal of two carbon units in the form of acetyl CoA starting from carboxyl end of fatty acyl chain. ...
Chemistry SL HL Assessment Statements 2009 Revised
... levels of LDL cholesterol and trans fatty acids; the major source of LDL cholesterol is saturated fats, in particular lauric (C12), myristic (C14) and palmitic (C16) acids ...
... levels of LDL cholesterol and trans fatty acids; the major source of LDL cholesterol is saturated fats, in particular lauric (C12), myristic (C14) and palmitic (C16) acids ...
Glycolysis is the major oxidative pathway for glucose
... phosphoglycerate kinase. There is formation of 1 ATP molecule. This is a substrate-level phosphorylation. Because 2 molecules of 1,3-BPG are formed from each glucose molecule, there is formation of 2 ATP molecule in this step. 8. Shift of P group from carbon 3 to carbon 2 by phosphoglycerate mutase. ...
... phosphoglycerate kinase. There is formation of 1 ATP molecule. This is a substrate-level phosphorylation. Because 2 molecules of 1,3-BPG are formed from each glucose molecule, there is formation of 2 ATP molecule in this step. 8. Shift of P group from carbon 3 to carbon 2 by phosphoglycerate mutase. ...
lecture11&12-RS_Major Metabolic Pathways of
... phosphoglycerate kinase. There is formation of 1 ATP molecule. This is a substrate-level phosphorylation. Because 2 molecules of 1,3-BPG are formed from each glucose molecule, there is formation of 2 ATP molecule in this step. 8. Shift of P group from carbon 3 to carbon 2 by phosphoglycerate mutase. ...
... phosphoglycerate kinase. There is formation of 1 ATP molecule. This is a substrate-level phosphorylation. Because 2 molecules of 1,3-BPG are formed from each glucose molecule, there is formation of 2 ATP molecule in this step. 8. Shift of P group from carbon 3 to carbon 2 by phosphoglycerate mutase. ...
- National Lipid Association
... SREBP-1c: Regulates Fatty Acid and Triglyceride Synthesis, Responsive to changes in feeding status via regulation by insulin, glucagon, and PUFA. SREBP-1a: Highly expressed in tumor cell lines, low level expression in normal cells, not responsive to dietary conditions. Can drive both cholesterol ...
... SREBP-1c: Regulates Fatty Acid and Triglyceride Synthesis, Responsive to changes in feeding status via regulation by insulin, glucagon, and PUFA. SREBP-1a: Highly expressed in tumor cell lines, low level expression in normal cells, not responsive to dietary conditions. Can drive both cholesterol ...
Carbohydrates (CHO)
... Glycogen • Muscle – Rate of depletion relates to exercise intensity • High intensities glycogen is broken down v rapidly ...
... Glycogen • Muscle – Rate of depletion relates to exercise intensity • High intensities glycogen is broken down v rapidly ...
Energy Metabolism - 35-206-202
... • Occurs in cells with no mitochondria or cells that utilize it when there is no oxygen • Pyruvate is converted to lactate (instead of AcetylCoA) • Lactate is picked up the blood and delivered to the liver • Liver synthesizes compounds used in aerobic metabolism from lactate ...
... • Occurs in cells with no mitochondria or cells that utilize it when there is no oxygen • Pyruvate is converted to lactate (instead of AcetylCoA) • Lactate is picked up the blood and delivered to the liver • Liver synthesizes compounds used in aerobic metabolism from lactate ...
NASH
... sensitivity, reduced liver fat content and improved ALT level. (may be due in part to the anti-inflammatory effects of PPARγ ligants. Troglitazone (400 mg for 6 months) in 10 NASH women: normal ALT level and mild histological improvement. for 48 weeks: improved insulin sensitivity, reduced liver f ...
... sensitivity, reduced liver fat content and improved ALT level. (may be due in part to the anti-inflammatory effects of PPARγ ligants. Troglitazone (400 mg for 6 months) in 10 NASH women: normal ALT level and mild histological improvement. for 48 weeks: improved insulin sensitivity, reduced liver f ...
Biosynthesis of Plant Primary metabolites
... This acetyl CoA is used in TCA cycle to generate number of amino acids and excess is to synthesize fatty acids. Few of the acetyl CoA molecules are condensed to form mevalonic acid, precursor of synthesis of steroids and terpenoides. Amino acids give rise to alkaloids. The intermediates of glycolysi ...
... This acetyl CoA is used in TCA cycle to generate number of amino acids and excess is to synthesize fatty acids. Few of the acetyl CoA molecules are condensed to form mevalonic acid, precursor of synthesis of steroids and terpenoides. Amino acids give rise to alkaloids. The intermediates of glycolysi ...
Bacterial Physiology Lec-7 Energy Release and Conservation
... common pathway for glucose degradation to pyruvate in stage -2- of catabolism. It is found in all major groups of microorganisms and function in the presence or absence of O2. The process will located in the cytoplasmic matrix. The pathway may be divided into two parts as in figure below. In the ini ...
... common pathway for glucose degradation to pyruvate in stage -2- of catabolism. It is found in all major groups of microorganisms and function in the presence or absence of O2. The process will located in the cytoplasmic matrix. The pathway may be divided into two parts as in figure below. In the ini ...
Partial purification of fatty acid synthetase from Streptomyces
... NADPH, NADH, FMN, dithiothreitol (see Wood et al., 1978), overall mol.wt. approx. 350000, which is dimeric and coldand a heat-stable factor obtained after 50-90% (v/v)-acetone labile. It resembles the vertebrate enzyme in these characterprecipitation of the heat-treated crude extract. The phos- isti ...
... NADPH, NADH, FMN, dithiothreitol (see Wood et al., 1978), overall mol.wt. approx. 350000, which is dimeric and coldand a heat-stable factor obtained after 50-90% (v/v)-acetone labile. It resembles the vertebrate enzyme in these characterprecipitation of the heat-treated crude extract. The phos- isti ...
Carbohydrates and Lipids
... Addition of hydrogen atoms to the acid, causing double bonds to become single ones. (unsaturated becomes saturated) LDL HDL ...
... Addition of hydrogen atoms to the acid, causing double bonds to become single ones. (unsaturated becomes saturated) LDL HDL ...
Lipid Metabolism: Power Point presentation
... Reducing agent is NADPH (corresponding oxidation reaction in fatty acid oxidation pathway uses FAD as the oxidizing agent) This cycle repeats using another malonyl–ACP and adding two more carbons. Fatty acid released after seven cycles. ...
... Reducing agent is NADPH (corresponding oxidation reaction in fatty acid oxidation pathway uses FAD as the oxidizing agent) This cycle repeats using another malonyl–ACP and adding two more carbons. Fatty acid released after seven cycles. ...
III. The History of Glycolysis: An Example of a Linear Metabolic
... The second area of research was alcoholic fermentation, the process by which yeast converts glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide. The elucidation of this process was a major preoccupation of the French wine industry in the late 19'th century. In 1860 Pasteur showed that whenever alcoholic fermentat ...
... The second area of research was alcoholic fermentation, the process by which yeast converts glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide. The elucidation of this process was a major preoccupation of the French wine industry in the late 19'th century. In 1860 Pasteur showed that whenever alcoholic fermentat ...
Measurement of Enzymes and Their Clinical Significance
... • IUB standardized these as international units (IU) – IU: the amount of enzyme that will convert one micromole of substrate per minute in an assay system – Expressed as units per liter or U/L – Conditions: pH, temperature, substrate,activators ...
... • IUB standardized these as international units (IU) – IU: the amount of enzyme that will convert one micromole of substrate per minute in an assay system – Expressed as units per liter or U/L – Conditions: pH, temperature, substrate,activators ...
Lipid Metabolism During Exercise
... plasma FFA from adipocytes (large > 50,000 kcals) intramuscular TG (2,000 -3,000 kcals) plasma TG (very small role during exercise in humans) 5.) Destabilizing effect on membranes High IMTG (obesity, type-II diabetes) linked with insulin resistance in muscle. ...
... plasma FFA from adipocytes (large > 50,000 kcals) intramuscular TG (2,000 -3,000 kcals) plasma TG (very small role during exercise in humans) 5.) Destabilizing effect on membranes High IMTG (obesity, type-II diabetes) linked with insulin resistance in muscle. ...
Chapter 1
... liver to adipose tissues by VLDL complexes – In starvation or fasting, liver converts fatty acids to acetoacetate and other ketone bodies exported to other organs for oxidation to ATP ...
... liver to adipose tissues by VLDL complexes – In starvation or fasting, liver converts fatty acids to acetoacetate and other ketone bodies exported to other organs for oxidation to ATP ...
Fats and Proteins
... subunits of polymers. For example, 3 water molecules are used to break a fat down into the glycerol and the three fatty acids of which it was composed. What part of the water molecule, -H or –OH, is reattached to the glycerol molecule when a fat undergoes hydrolysis? ________________________________ ...
... subunits of polymers. For example, 3 water molecules are used to break a fat down into the glycerol and the three fatty acids of which it was composed. What part of the water molecule, -H or –OH, is reattached to the glycerol molecule when a fat undergoes hydrolysis? ________________________________ ...
Chapter 5 Active Lecture Questions
... Apoenzymes are inactive by themselves and must be activated by ...
... Apoenzymes are inactive by themselves and must be activated by ...
Glyceroneogenesis
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Glycerol-3-phosphate.png?width=300)
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.