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detailed lecture outline
... essentially irreversible, cells cannot generate glucose by performing glycolysis in reverse, using the same enzymes. Glycolysis and the production of glucose involve a different set of regulatory enzymes, and the two processes are independently regulated. Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of gluc ...
... essentially irreversible, cells cannot generate glucose by performing glycolysis in reverse, using the same enzymes. Glycolysis and the production of glucose involve a different set of regulatory enzymes, and the two processes are independently regulated. Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of gluc ...
Blood Glucose Concentration
... 1. Remove glucose from blood [primary and unique effect of insulin] ...
... 1. Remove glucose from blood [primary and unique effect of insulin] ...
... Choice C: Discuss the electron transport process, beginning with NADH and ending with the production of H2O. You should not discuss ATP synthesis. A well labeled diagram is an acceptable answer. Four complexes in inner mitochondrial membrane, I: Oxidizes NADH to NAD+, electrons go to CoQ. II: Oxidiz ...
Metabolism Part II: The tricarboxylic acid (TCA), citric acid, or Krebs
... Anaplerotic reactions provide us with a basis for understanding how people can survive on high-proteinhow-carbohydrate diets. The catabolism of amino acids gives rise to TCA intermediates that are eventually converted to oxaloacetate. Some of the oxaloacetate is decarhoxylated to pyruvate which is t ...
... Anaplerotic reactions provide us with a basis for understanding how people can survive on high-proteinhow-carbohydrate diets. The catabolism of amino acids gives rise to TCA intermediates that are eventually converted to oxaloacetate. Some of the oxaloacetate is decarhoxylated to pyruvate which is t ...
Problem Set 2 (multiple choice) Biochemistry 3300 1. What classes
... b) Alcohol dehydrogenase & pyruvate decarboxylase c) Fructose-1-phosphate alsolase & aldolase d) Hexokinase & sucrase e) Hexokinase & fructokinase 36. A metabolic pathway that is active catabolically as well as anabolically is called? a) bipolar b) amphother c) bipartite d) departed e) amphibolic 37 ...
... b) Alcohol dehydrogenase & pyruvate decarboxylase c) Fructose-1-phosphate alsolase & aldolase d) Hexokinase & sucrase e) Hexokinase & fructokinase 36. A metabolic pathway that is active catabolically as well as anabolically is called? a) bipolar b) amphother c) bipartite d) departed e) amphibolic 37 ...
Gluconeogenesis
... The source of pyruvate and oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis during fasting or carbohydrate starvation is mainly amino acid catabolism. Some amino acids are catabolized to pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or precursors of these. Muscle proteins may break down to supply amino acids. These are transported to l ...
... The source of pyruvate and oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis during fasting or carbohydrate starvation is mainly amino acid catabolism. Some amino acids are catabolized to pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or precursors of these. Muscle proteins may break down to supply amino acids. These are transported to l ...
Chapter 21 Lipid Biosynthesis
... Humans can store more energy in glycogen than in triacylglycerols. Insulin stimulates conversion of dietary carbohydrate into triacylglycerols. It is not a hormone-sensitive process. Mammals are unable to convert carbohydrates into triacylglycerols. Phosphatidate is not on the pathway of triacylglyc ...
... Humans can store more energy in glycogen than in triacylglycerols. Insulin stimulates conversion of dietary carbohydrate into triacylglycerols. It is not a hormone-sensitive process. Mammals are unable to convert carbohydrates into triacylglycerols. Phosphatidate is not on the pathway of triacylglyc ...
Cellular respiration
... • it is here that fats and proteins can ‘enter the picture’ (i.e., be used as a fuel source) • it is also when we move from the sarcoplasm into the mitochondria for the first time ...
... • it is here that fats and proteins can ‘enter the picture’ (i.e., be used as a fuel source) • it is also when we move from the sarcoplasm into the mitochondria for the first time ...
Slide 1
... glycolysis and in the conversion of lactate (Lac) to pyruvate (Pyr) via lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The reducing equivalents from NADH are transferred via the malate aspartate shuttle to be oxidized via electron transport to support oxidative phosphorylation. Oxaloacetate (OAA) is converted to mala ...
... glycolysis and in the conversion of lactate (Lac) to pyruvate (Pyr) via lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The reducing equivalents from NADH are transferred via the malate aspartate shuttle to be oxidized via electron transport to support oxidative phosphorylation. Oxaloacetate (OAA) is converted to mala ...
BCHM 562, Biochemistry II
... to the FADH2, whereby it accepts two H atoms. 3. FMN functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases such as NADH dehydrogenase. 4. During catalytic cycle, the reversible interconversion of oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH•) and reduced (FMNH2) forms occurs. 5. FMN is a stronger oxidizing ...
... to the FADH2, whereby it accepts two H atoms. 3. FMN functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases such as NADH dehydrogenase. 4. During catalytic cycle, the reversible interconversion of oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH•) and reduced (FMNH2) forms occurs. 5. FMN is a stronger oxidizing ...
BIOCHEMISTRY Carbohydrate Metabolism
... • When O2 is deficient in tissues (hypoxia) – anaerobic conditions. • An enzymatic anaerobic reduction of Pyruvate to Lactate occurs mainly in muscles – leads to tiredness & pain. • Purpose – conversion of NADH to NAD+ for increased rate of glycolysis. • Lactate is converted back to Pyruvate when ae ...
... • When O2 is deficient in tissues (hypoxia) – anaerobic conditions. • An enzymatic anaerobic reduction of Pyruvate to Lactate occurs mainly in muscles – leads to tiredness & pain. • Purpose – conversion of NADH to NAD+ for increased rate of glycolysis. • Lactate is converted back to Pyruvate when ae ...
biochem ch 23 [2-9
... Phytanic acid oxidized via α-oxidation pathway; fatty acid shortened so methyl groups appear on αcarbon and can no longer interfere with oxidation of β-carbon; peroxisomal β-oxidation then goes When medium-chain length reached, fatty acid transferred to mitochondrion as carnitine derivative and β- ...
... Phytanic acid oxidized via α-oxidation pathway; fatty acid shortened so methyl groups appear on αcarbon and can no longer interfere with oxidation of β-carbon; peroxisomal β-oxidation then goes When medium-chain length reached, fatty acid transferred to mitochondrion as carnitine derivative and β- ...
07 Urea cycle,12. 2012
... peripheral tissues into the liver From the muscle: First, NH3 will be transferred into α-ketoglutarate to form glutamate Then, glutamate will give its amino group to pyruvate to form alanine by ALT Therefore, NH3 is transported from muscle into the liver ...
... peripheral tissues into the liver From the muscle: First, NH3 will be transferred into α-ketoglutarate to form glutamate Then, glutamate will give its amino group to pyruvate to form alanine by ALT Therefore, NH3 is transported from muscle into the liver ...
glycolysis
... If the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase that has play role in the converting reaction is inhibited, the and the production of 4 molecule of ATP and 2 molecule of NADH will be decrease and the concentration of pyruvate become lower. Because the decreasing concentration of pyruvate, the ...
... If the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase that has play role in the converting reaction is inhibited, the and the production of 4 molecule of ATP and 2 molecule of NADH will be decrease and the concentration of pyruvate become lower. Because the decreasing concentration of pyruvate, the ...
PG1005 Lecture 12 Kreb`s Citric Acid Cycle
... cytosol to the establishment of electron harvesting reactions in the mitochondrial matrix • To revise the general mechanisms of glucose uptake. • To describe the enzymatic reactions occurring at each step of Kreb’s Citric Acid Cycle (KCAC). (substrates, enzymes, products, reaction types) • To hig ...
... cytosol to the establishment of electron harvesting reactions in the mitochondrial matrix • To revise the general mechanisms of glucose uptake. • To describe the enzymatic reactions occurring at each step of Kreb’s Citric Acid Cycle (KCAC). (substrates, enzymes, products, reaction types) • To hig ...
Chapter 17 Fatty Acid Catabolism
... 17. Oxidation of fatty acids The oxidation of fatty acids begins with this activation reaction: R–CH2–CH2–CH2–COOH + ATP + CoA–SH R–CH2–CH2–CH2–CO–S–CoA + AMP + PPi What are the next two steps (after transport into the mitochondria)? Show structures and indicate where any cofactors participate. A ...
... 17. Oxidation of fatty acids The oxidation of fatty acids begins with this activation reaction: R–CH2–CH2–CH2–COOH + ATP + CoA–SH R–CH2–CH2–CH2–CO–S–CoA + AMP + PPi What are the next two steps (after transport into the mitochondria)? Show structures and indicate where any cofactors participate. A ...
An overview on effective parameters in production of single cell oil
... Between these microorganisms Mortierella isabellina has been chosen of present significant variations in relation with their biochemical response (i.e, concerning regulation of lipid accumulation process fatty acid composition) in nitrogen limited media. Mortierella isabellina occurs commonly in for ...
... Between these microorganisms Mortierella isabellina has been chosen of present significant variations in relation with their biochemical response (i.e, concerning regulation of lipid accumulation process fatty acid composition) in nitrogen limited media. Mortierella isabellina occurs commonly in for ...
Slides - Websupport1
... As soon as glucose is inside the cell, a phosphate is added to carbon number 6, and the new molecule is called glucose 6 phosphate. This reaction is called phosphorylation and it requires one ATP, enzyme ...
... As soon as glucose is inside the cell, a phosphate is added to carbon number 6, and the new molecule is called glucose 6 phosphate. This reaction is called phosphorylation and it requires one ATP, enzyme ...
S08 Glycolysis
... - Called hexokinase D or type IV, presents mainly in the liver and β-cells of ...
... - Called hexokinase D or type IV, presents mainly in the liver and β-cells of ...
Glucose Metabolism - vinci
... 1180 EAST ELLSWORTH ROAD · ANN ARBOR, MI 48108 · USA · [800] 364-9897 ...
... 1180 EAST ELLSWORTH ROAD · ANN ARBOR, MI 48108 · USA · [800] 364-9897 ...
Introduction to Metabolism
... It is one of the ways that mammals maintain normal blood glucose levels between meals. E) It requires metabolic energy (ATP or GTP). In humans, gluconeogenesis: A) can result in the conversion of protein into blood glucose. B) helps to reduce blood glucose after a carbohydrate-rich meal. C) is activ ...
... It is one of the ways that mammals maintain normal blood glucose levels between meals. E) It requires metabolic energy (ATP or GTP). In humans, gluconeogenesis: A) can result in the conversion of protein into blood glucose. B) helps to reduce blood glucose after a carbohydrate-rich meal. C) is activ ...
Short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
... of enzymes, ion channels and various signal-transducing effectors that could thus augment insulin secretion by a KATP independent mechanism [12]. In addition to malonyl-CoA, other short-chain acyl-CoA esters such as methylmalonylCoA, succinyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA can inhibit CPT I [13]. We hypothesize ...
... of enzymes, ion channels and various signal-transducing effectors that could thus augment insulin secretion by a KATP independent mechanism [12]. In addition to malonyl-CoA, other short-chain acyl-CoA esters such as methylmalonylCoA, succinyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA can inhibit CPT I [13]. We hypothesize ...
Clinical usage of enzymes
... hours after MI and return back to normal by 4-6 days after infarct. ...
... hours after MI and return back to normal by 4-6 days after infarct. ...
Glyceroneogenesis
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Glycerol-3-phosphate.png?width=300)
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.