Inborn Errors of Metabolic Etiology
... and ketones, specific gravity is elevated The ER physician starts an IV and gives a bolus of glucose to correct hypoglycemia. The physician also gives normal saline boluses for rehydration. Then IVFs with D5 ¼ normal saline is started at 1.5 maintenance fluids. Followup ...
... and ketones, specific gravity is elevated The ER physician starts an IV and gives a bolus of glucose to correct hypoglycemia. The physician also gives normal saline boluses for rehydration. Then IVFs with D5 ¼ normal saline is started at 1.5 maintenance fluids. Followup ...
Sucrose is used for respiration, storage or construction. Plants
... H+ are transported out of the stroma/matrix by during electron transport and H+ flow back into the stroma/matrix through the ATP synthase and generates ATP in the ...
... H+ are transported out of the stroma/matrix by during electron transport and H+ flow back into the stroma/matrix through the ATP synthase and generates ATP in the ...
Comments on metabolic needs for glucose and the role of
... times more calorically dense than glycogen, when attendant water is factored in, accounts for the predominance of fat as a storage form of calories and, also, for the fact that ingested carbohydrate is oxidized promptly (that is, fuel of the fed state) rather than being extensively stored. That stor ...
... times more calorically dense than glycogen, when attendant water is factored in, accounts for the predominance of fat as a storage form of calories and, also, for the fact that ingested carbohydrate is oxidized promptly (that is, fuel of the fed state) rather than being extensively stored. That stor ...
Chapter 22b
... by chronic elevated plasma glucose levels, or hyperglycemia • Diabetes is reaching epidemic proportions in the USA • Complications of diabetes affect many body systems • The two types of diabetes are ...
... by chronic elevated plasma glucose levels, or hyperglycemia • Diabetes is reaching epidemic proportions in the USA • Complications of diabetes affect many body systems • The two types of diabetes are ...
TCA Cycle - eCurriculum
... intermediate. )G 0 ’= +1.5 kcal Step 3: Isocitrate oxidation and decarboxylation to "ketoglutarate isocitrate + NAD + → "ketoglutarate + NADH + H + + CO2 Catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase. Involves oxidation of alcohol group in isocitrate to a ketone intermediate, oxalosuccinate. Deca ...
... intermediate. )G 0 ’= +1.5 kcal Step 3: Isocitrate oxidation and decarboxylation to "ketoglutarate isocitrate + NAD + → "ketoglutarate + NADH + H + + CO2 Catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase. Involves oxidation of alcohol group in isocitrate to a ketone intermediate, oxalosuccinate. Deca ...
Glycolysis
... • 6 carbon sugar (fructose) is split into two 3-carbon molecules • Each molecule gets one of the phosphate groups • The molecules are not identical • One molecule is isomerized (rearranged) so the two 3-carbon molecules become identical: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate ...
... • 6 carbon sugar (fructose) is split into two 3-carbon molecules • Each molecule gets one of the phosphate groups • The molecules are not identical • One molecule is isomerized (rearranged) so the two 3-carbon molecules become identical: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate ...
CARBOHYDRATES B.SC Ist SEMESTER INTRODUCTION TO
... energy is met by carbohydrates. •PROTEIN SPARING ACTION : The body uses carbohydrates as a source of energy, when they are adequately supplied in the diet, sparing protein for tissue building. If diet does not supply adequate calories from carbohydrates, the dietary is oxidized as a source of energy ...
... energy is met by carbohydrates. •PROTEIN SPARING ACTION : The body uses carbohydrates as a source of energy, when they are adequately supplied in the diet, sparing protein for tissue building. If diet does not supply adequate calories from carbohydrates, the dietary is oxidized as a source of energy ...
BIO 322_Rec_4part2_Spring 2013
... Glutamate Releases Its Amino Group as Ammonia in the liver • Amino groups from many AA are collected in the liver in the form of amino group of L glutamate. • Amino groups from glutamate must be removed to prepare them for excretion. • In hepatocytes: Glutamate to mitochondria – oxidative deaminati ...
... Glutamate Releases Its Amino Group as Ammonia in the liver • Amino groups from many AA are collected in the liver in the form of amino group of L glutamate. • Amino groups from glutamate must be removed to prepare them for excretion. • In hepatocytes: Glutamate to mitochondria – oxidative deaminati ...
Homeostasis: Functions of the liver - mf011
... glucose is either converted by pancreatic insulin for storage as glycogen; or broken down into H2O + CO2 + heat When the body has excess glucose, glycogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose that is stimulated in the presence of the pancreatic hormone insulin. Prevention of glucose fro ...
... glucose is either converted by pancreatic insulin for storage as glycogen; or broken down into H2O + CO2 + heat When the body has excess glucose, glycogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose that is stimulated in the presence of the pancreatic hormone insulin. Prevention of glucose fro ...
Enzyme and metabolic pathway lecture 2
... when your cells are translating and do not have a particular amino acid that they need to continue. If they have the correct radical available, they will make the one they need. There are some amino acids, however, that are essential and these cannot be made. They have to be in the diet. 70. Transam ...
... when your cells are translating and do not have a particular amino acid that they need to continue. If they have the correct radical available, they will make the one they need. There are some amino acids, however, that are essential and these cannot be made. They have to be in the diet. 70. Transam ...
PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX
... • Inner membrane is highly folded and forms boundary to fluid filled interior = MATRIX o Matrix has a “gel-like” consistency o Contains the proteins of the TCA cycle • Other proteins responsible for further aerobic metabolism are either in the matrix or are bound to the inner membrane Pyruvate gener ...
... • Inner membrane is highly folded and forms boundary to fluid filled interior = MATRIX o Matrix has a “gel-like” consistency o Contains the proteins of the TCA cycle • Other proteins responsible for further aerobic metabolism are either in the matrix or are bound to the inner membrane Pyruvate gener ...
Nutrition
... 1. The liver is the body’s main metabolic organ and it plays a crucial role in processing or storing virtually every nutrient group 2. The liver has several metabolic functions: A) Packages fatty acids to forms that can be stored or transported ...
... 1. The liver is the body’s main metabolic organ and it plays a crucial role in processing or storing virtually every nutrient group 2. The liver has several metabolic functions: A) Packages fatty acids to forms that can be stored or transported ...
CATABOLISM OF PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS1.36 MB
... • Each aminotransferase is specific for one pair of substrates but nonspecific for the other. • Since alanine is also a substrate for glutamate aminotransferase, all the amino nitrogen from amino acids that undergo transamination can be concentrated in glutamate ...
... • Each aminotransferase is specific for one pair of substrates but nonspecific for the other. • Since alanine is also a substrate for glutamate aminotransferase, all the amino nitrogen from amino acids that undergo transamination can be concentrated in glutamate ...
Hepatic Failure: Role for biochemists and nutrition experts
... A low ins ulin: glucagon r atio changes the nor mal " milieu inter ior " of the cells . Lipid metabolis m r epr es ents an acceler ated s tate of s tar vation and leads to depletion of fat s tor es and es s ential fatty acid deficiency.(1) Decr eas ed activity of hepatic lipopr otein lipas e and mil ...
... A low ins ulin: glucagon r atio changes the nor mal " milieu inter ior " of the cells . Lipid metabolis m r epr es ents an acceler ated s tate of s tar vation and leads to depletion of fat s tor es and es s ential fatty acid deficiency.(1) Decr eas ed activity of hepatic lipopr otein lipas e and mil ...
glycolysis4bio
... that make a little bit of ATP from the partial breakdown of sugar into energy. • Organisms usually choose one of two paths after glycolysis: Fermentation or Aerobic Respiration. ...
... that make a little bit of ATP from the partial breakdown of sugar into energy. • Organisms usually choose one of two paths after glycolysis: Fermentation or Aerobic Respiration. ...
Glycolysis - Rose
... The second site of regulation occurs inside the cell, when the glucose is phosphorylated to produce glucose-6-phosphate. The purpose of the reaction is to alter the concentration gradient (because once glucose has been phosphorylated, it is no longer glucose), and to lock glucose-6-phosphate in the ...
... The second site of regulation occurs inside the cell, when the glucose is phosphorylated to produce glucose-6-phosphate. The purpose of the reaction is to alter the concentration gradient (because once glucose has been phosphorylated, it is no longer glucose), and to lock glucose-6-phosphate in the ...
pyruvate
... total Ala released > Ala derived from proteins of Alanine (from Muscle) (ii) Liver: Ala → NH4+ + α keto acids NH4+ → urea (iii) As well Glucose → Pyruvate (no N) → Ala (with N) Therefore Ala serves as a vehicle for transport of NH4+ from muscle to liver (NH4+ is generated through breakdown of aa → ...
... total Ala released > Ala derived from proteins of Alanine (from Muscle) (ii) Liver: Ala → NH4+ + α keto acids NH4+ → urea (iii) As well Glucose → Pyruvate (no N) → Ala (with N) Therefore Ala serves as a vehicle for transport of NH4+ from muscle to liver (NH4+ is generated through breakdown of aa → ...
Glycolysis Quiz
... glycolysis donates a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP? (a) glucose -6-phosphate (b) PEP (c) PGAL (d) fructose diphosphate ...
... glycolysis donates a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP? (a) glucose -6-phosphate (b) PEP (c) PGAL (d) fructose diphosphate ...
Name: Block: Date: Biology 12 - Biologically Important Molecules
... DOUBLE bonds between carbon atoms, and tend to be solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fatty acids are most often found in vegetable oils, and account for the fact that they are liquid at room temperature. 38. Butter contains a large proportion of UNSATURATED fatty acids. Excess intake of this typ ...
... DOUBLE bonds between carbon atoms, and tend to be solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fatty acids are most often found in vegetable oils, and account for the fact that they are liquid at room temperature. 38. Butter contains a large proportion of UNSATURATED fatty acids. Excess intake of this typ ...
glucose
... • Glycogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose-6phosphate - it occurs when high levels of glucose-6-phosphate are formed in the first reaction of glycolysis - it does not operate when glycogen stores are full, which means that additional glucose is converted to body fat ...
... • Glycogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose-6phosphate - it occurs when high levels of glucose-6-phosphate are formed in the first reaction of glycolysis - it does not operate when glycogen stores are full, which means that additional glucose is converted to body fat ...
Metabolism
... • 2 NADH are used to convert 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. • There is a net use of 4 ATP, 2GTP, and 2 NADH. 2C3H3O3- + 4ATP + 2 GTP + 2Pi + 2NADH pyruvate C6H12O6 + 4ADP + 2 GDP + 2NAD+ glucose ...
... • 2 NADH are used to convert 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. • There is a net use of 4 ATP, 2GTP, and 2 NADH. 2C3H3O3- + 4ATP + 2 GTP + 2Pi + 2NADH pyruvate C6H12O6 + 4ADP + 2 GDP + 2NAD+ glucose ...
Lipid metabolism in the elderly
... Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Metabolic Research, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA ...
... Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Metabolic Research, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA ...
Slide 1
... pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), blocking protective glycolysis that supplies cytosolic ATP used for ion pumps, and decreasing glucose uptake by muscle. Excess activated FFA increases formation of ROS. As protons are passed along the electron transport chain, ROS are formed at complexes I and III. FFA- ...
... pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), blocking protective glycolysis that supplies cytosolic ATP used for ion pumps, and decreasing glucose uptake by muscle. Excess activated FFA increases formation of ROS. As protons are passed along the electron transport chain, ROS are formed at complexes I and III. FFA- ...
H - IS MU
... For thousands of years humans consumed fructose amounting to 16–20 grams per day, largely from fresh fruits. Westernization of diets has resulted in significant increases in added fructose, leading to typical daily consumptions amounting to 85–100 grams of fructose per day. ...
... For thousands of years humans consumed fructose amounting to 16–20 grams per day, largely from fresh fruits. Westernization of diets has resulted in significant increases in added fructose, leading to typical daily consumptions amounting to 85–100 grams of fructose per day. ...
Glyceroneogenesis
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.