![Summary of Chapter 24](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/004137235_1-18a4adc76e50c0de636a9808b6a8936a-300x300.png)
Summary of Chapter 24
... • Urea cycle is regulated by [N-acetyl-glutamate] which activates carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. 1. Breakdown of proteins produces amino acids including Glu. 2. Glu is acetylated by acetyl-glutamate synthase. 3. N-acetyl-glutamate activates urea cycle. ...
... • Urea cycle is regulated by [N-acetyl-glutamate] which activates carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. 1. Breakdown of proteins produces amino acids including Glu. 2. Glu is acetylated by acetyl-glutamate synthase. 3. N-acetyl-glutamate activates urea cycle. ...
LIPID METABOLISM
... present in certain plants, it has 4 CH3 groups at position 3, 7, 11, 15, by initial α oxidation & removal of one carbon, CH3 groups is at α position, FA undergo β oxidation ...
... present in certain plants, it has 4 CH3 groups at position 3, 7, 11, 15, by initial α oxidation & removal of one carbon, CH3 groups is at α position, FA undergo β oxidation ...
Study Questions for Chapter 1 – The Cell
... this results in a change in its conformation. This change affects its enzymatic activity. Typically, things such as substrates, intermediates, or products along the pathway in which the enzyme participates bind to an enzyme (modulators are not other proteins/enzymes). ...
... this results in a change in its conformation. This change affects its enzymatic activity. Typically, things such as substrates, intermediates, or products along the pathway in which the enzyme participates bind to an enzyme (modulators are not other proteins/enzymes). ...
Chem 150 quiz #6
... 17. What is the total net yield of ATP obtained when 5 glucose molecules are catabolized through glycolysis? (Note: The end product of glycolysis has not entered the TCA cycle yet.) a. 2 ATP b. 28 – 29 ATP c. 30 – 32 ATP d. 18 ATP e. none of the above 18. How many molecules of pyruvate would be obta ...
... 17. What is the total net yield of ATP obtained when 5 glucose molecules are catabolized through glycolysis? (Note: The end product of glycolysis has not entered the TCA cycle yet.) a. 2 ATP b. 28 – 29 ATP c. 30 – 32 ATP d. 18 ATP e. none of the above 18. How many molecules of pyruvate would be obta ...
Exam 2
... 20. The followings are some descriptions of ATP and NAD+. a. When ATP mass action ratio is increased, the ATP production is increased. b. When the [NADH]/[NAD+] ratio is increased, the ATP production is increased. c. A high level of citrate in mitochondrion suppresses glycolysis in cytosol. d. A dia ...
... 20. The followings are some descriptions of ATP and NAD+. a. When ATP mass action ratio is increased, the ATP production is increased. b. When the [NADH]/[NAD+] ratio is increased, the ATP production is increased. c. A high level of citrate in mitochondrion suppresses glycolysis in cytosol. d. A dia ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
... the results if the concentration of the enzyme was doubled. Explain results. • Identify TWO environmental factors that can change the rate of enzyme-mediated reactions. Discuss how each of those two factors would affect the reaction rate of an enzyme. ...
... the results if the concentration of the enzyme was doubled. Explain results. • Identify TWO environmental factors that can change the rate of enzyme-mediated reactions. Discuss how each of those two factors would affect the reaction rate of an enzyme. ...
General Chemistry 110 Quiz 1
... a. A metabolic branch point of glycolysis (prior to pyruvate). Discuss the metabolic choices and how the cell decides which path to follow. b. The hormonal regulation of blood glucose and the effect it has on glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism. Mention any organs involved in this p ...
... a. A metabolic branch point of glycolysis (prior to pyruvate). Discuss the metabolic choices and how the cell decides which path to follow. b. The hormonal regulation of blood glucose and the effect it has on glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism. Mention any organs involved in this p ...
Problem-Set Solutions
... which can enter the glycolytic pathway as the first intermediate in that pathway. Since brain and muscle cells do not produce glucose, these cells can use glycogen for energy production only. 24.64 It enters already phosphorylated, and thus an ATP does not need to be expended to phosphorylate it. 24 ...
... which can enter the glycolytic pathway as the first intermediate in that pathway. Since brain and muscle cells do not produce glucose, these cells can use glycogen for energy production only. 24.64 It enters already phosphorylated, and thus an ATP does not need to be expended to phosphorylate it. 24 ...
The Acid End-products of Glucose Metabolism of Oral
... methanol and heating the mixture for 30 min at 56 "C. The methylated acids were extracted in 0.5 ml chloroform. The acids were identified and measured by comparison with similarly processed solutions of standards using GLC. Uninoculated broths were processed as described and the values obtained were ...
... methanol and heating the mixture for 30 min at 56 "C. The methylated acids were extracted in 0.5 ml chloroform. The acids were identified and measured by comparison with similarly processed solutions of standards using GLC. Uninoculated broths were processed as described and the values obtained were ...
Overview of Metabolism - Chapter 4 - Formatted
... The sum total of all the catabolic and anabolic reactions that the products of digestion and absorption now undergo in the cells of the body collectively constitute the phenomenon of metabolism. Every cell in a living organism works like an industrial organization. It is in a state of dynamic equili ...
... The sum total of all the catabolic and anabolic reactions that the products of digestion and absorption now undergo in the cells of the body collectively constitute the phenomenon of metabolism. Every cell in a living organism works like an industrial organization. It is in a state of dynamic equili ...
Title: Hormones of the Pancreas
... a. At the plasma membrane level ( increase in transport of metabolites ) b. In the cytoplasm (modulation of enzyme activity via phosphorylation – dephosphorylation processes, decrease in cAMP concentration, effect on mRNA translation c. At the nuclear level ( effect on gene transcription ) 6. Effect ...
... a. At the plasma membrane level ( increase in transport of metabolites ) b. In the cytoplasm (modulation of enzyme activity via phosphorylation – dephosphorylation processes, decrease in cAMP concentration, effect on mRNA translation c. At the nuclear level ( effect on gene transcription ) 6. Effect ...
Title: Hormones of the Pancreas
... a. At the plasma membrane level ( increase in transport of metabolites ) b. In the cytoplasm (modulation of enzyme activity via phosphorylation – dephosphorylation processes, decrease in cAMP concentration, effect on mRNA translation c. At the nuclear level ( effect on gene transcription ) 6. Effect ...
... a. At the plasma membrane level ( increase in transport of metabolites ) b. In the cytoplasm (modulation of enzyme activity via phosphorylation – dephosphorylation processes, decrease in cAMP concentration, effect on mRNA translation c. At the nuclear level ( effect on gene transcription ) 6. Effect ...
05. Metabolism of carbohydrates 1
... enzyme lactase, which cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose. Microorganisms in the colon ferment undigested lactose to lactic acid generating methane (CH4) and hydrogen gas (H2). The gas produced creates the uncomfortable feeling of gut distention and the annoying problem of flatulence. The lac ...
... enzyme lactase, which cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose. Microorganisms in the colon ferment undigested lactose to lactic acid generating methane (CH4) and hydrogen gas (H2). The gas produced creates the uncomfortable feeling of gut distention and the annoying problem of flatulence. The lac ...
CASE 37
... above occur, but there are several longer term responses to insulin. For example, glucokinase is a liver-specific enzyme that is required for glucose phosphorylation to glucose-6-phosphate. The synthesis of glucokinase is insulin dependent. The actual turnover of the protein is such that during a no ...
... above occur, but there are several longer term responses to insulin. For example, glucokinase is a liver-specific enzyme that is required for glucose phosphorylation to glucose-6-phosphate. The synthesis of glucokinase is insulin dependent. The actual turnover of the protein is such that during a no ...
NEHRU ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE, TM PALAYALAM
... 16. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a multienzyme complex that catalyzes a series of reactions. Which of the following is not carried out by pyruvate dehydrogenase? (A) decarboxylation reaction ...
... 16. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a multienzyme complex that catalyzes a series of reactions. Which of the following is not carried out by pyruvate dehydrogenase? (A) decarboxylation reaction ...
lec33_F2015
... i) Pyr can be converted to Acetyl CoA, a one way reaction in humans. a) acetyl CoA can be oxidized by the TCA cycle. b) acetyl CoA can be used to synthesize fatty acids (via citrate), which are then used to make triglycerides. ii) Pyruvate can be converted to alanine in a one-step transaminase react ...
... i) Pyr can be converted to Acetyl CoA, a one way reaction in humans. a) acetyl CoA can be oxidized by the TCA cycle. b) acetyl CoA can be used to synthesize fatty acids (via citrate), which are then used to make triglycerides. ii) Pyruvate can be converted to alanine in a one-step transaminase react ...
of the fatty acid is oxidized. Fatty acid oxidation is divided into two
... Peripheral tissues gain access to the lipid energy reserves stored in adipose tissue through three stages of processing. First, the lipids must be mobilized (动员). In this process, triacylglycerols are degraded to fatty acids and glycerol, which are released from the adipose tissue and transported t ...
... Peripheral tissues gain access to the lipid energy reserves stored in adipose tissue through three stages of processing. First, the lipids must be mobilized (动员). In this process, triacylglycerols are degraded to fatty acids and glycerol, which are released from the adipose tissue and transported t ...
Cell Respiration PP
... • All respiration begins with glycolysis in the cytoplasm • Glucose (6C) is cleaved into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3C) • This requires 2 ATP. It produces 4 • 2NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADPH ...
... • All respiration begins with glycolysis in the cytoplasm • Glucose (6C) is cleaved into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3C) • This requires 2 ATP. It produces 4 • 2NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADPH ...
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA), Krebs Cycle
... Regulation of Pyr. Dehydrogenase Complex Allosteric activation of kinase & Phosphatase: - Cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase ( activated)activates phosphorylated E1 ( inactive ) & inhibits dephosphorylated ( active ) inhibit Pyr DH. protein kinase allosterically activated by ATP, acetyl CoA, ...
... Regulation of Pyr. Dehydrogenase Complex Allosteric activation of kinase & Phosphatase: - Cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase ( activated)activates phosphorylated E1 ( inactive ) & inhibits dephosphorylated ( active ) inhibit Pyr DH. protein kinase allosterically activated by ATP, acetyl CoA, ...
Metabolism of lipids
... • Biosynthetic reactions are catalyzed by enzymes different from those catalyzing the degradation processes despite the fact that the intermediates are similar to those produced during the degradation process • The FAs are built by sequential addition of two-carbon units derived from acetyl CoA. The ...
... • Biosynthetic reactions are catalyzed by enzymes different from those catalyzing the degradation processes despite the fact that the intermediates are similar to those produced during the degradation process • The FAs are built by sequential addition of two-carbon units derived from acetyl CoA. The ...
Review Questions for Advanced Biochemistry Course
... 31. Which of the following statements about the TCA cycle is CORRECT? A. Citrate is frequently used for gluconeogenesis in the liver B. The production of oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase is one of several anaplerotic reactions for the TCA cycle C. Succinyl CoA is used to create a neurotransmitte ...
... 31. Which of the following statements about the TCA cycle is CORRECT? A. Citrate is frequently used for gluconeogenesis in the liver B. The production of oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase is one of several anaplerotic reactions for the TCA cycle C. Succinyl CoA is used to create a neurotransmitte ...
BS3050 Physiology of Sport and Exercise
... Metabolic Causes of Fatigue after High Intensity Exercise Ca2+ The decline in force output during high intensity exercise may be related in part to a decrease in release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This may affect the interaction of myosin and actin inhibiting the peak rate of power out ...
... Metabolic Causes of Fatigue after High Intensity Exercise Ca2+ The decline in force output during high intensity exercise may be related in part to a decrease in release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This may affect the interaction of myosin and actin inhibiting the peak rate of power out ...
ATP
... • CO2 diffuses into the stroma • Combines with a 5C acceptor RuBP – uses enzyme • RuBP has become carboxylated – carboxyl group • Produces 2 x 3C molecule – glycerate 3-phosphate ...
... • CO2 diffuses into the stroma • Combines with a 5C acceptor RuBP – uses enzyme • RuBP has become carboxylated – carboxyl group • Produces 2 x 3C molecule – glycerate 3-phosphate ...
8.07 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis And Oxidation
... The cyclic series of reactions that result in the synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids are shown in Figure 1. Fatty acid biosynthesis, exemplified by the pathway from Escherichia coli, is initiated by the condensation of malonyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) with acetyl-CoA by the -ketoacyl-ACP synt ...
... The cyclic series of reactions that result in the synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids are shown in Figure 1. Fatty acid biosynthesis, exemplified by the pathway from Escherichia coli, is initiated by the condensation of malonyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) with acetyl-CoA by the -ketoacyl-ACP synt ...
Glyceroneogenesis
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Glycerol-3-phosphate.png?width=300)
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.