Changes in carbohydrates and lipids during embryonic
... usually lipids which provide about 66% of the total energy requirement (Farkas, 1903). In some insects (Urbani, 1959; Allias et al., 1964; Kinsella and Smyth, 1966; Lacy, 1967) as in the present case, marked depletion of both lipids and carbohydrates occur. This suggests that as development of the e ...
... usually lipids which provide about 66% of the total energy requirement (Farkas, 1903). In some insects (Urbani, 1959; Allias et al., 1964; Kinsella and Smyth, 1966; Lacy, 1967) as in the present case, marked depletion of both lipids and carbohydrates occur. This suggests that as development of the e ...
Natural Carbon Isotope Abundance of Plasma
... Methodology/Principal Findings: Carbon isotopic abundance was measured in ZDF (fa/+) and ZDF (fa/fa), (lean and obese-diabetic rats respectively) fed the same diet. By analysing plasma metabolites (glucose and non-esterified fatty acids), breath and liver tissue by high-precision isotope ratio mass ...
... Methodology/Principal Findings: Carbon isotopic abundance was measured in ZDF (fa/+) and ZDF (fa/fa), (lean and obese-diabetic rats respectively) fed the same diet. By analysing plasma metabolites (glucose and non-esterified fatty acids), breath and liver tissue by high-precision isotope ratio mass ...
Kinetic Rate Reaction
... enzyme system which ultimately yields an amount of reduced NADP (NADPH) proportional to the CPK activity. NADPH formation is followed spectrophotometrically at 340 nm. Upon addition of sample to the test system, an equilibration interval of several minutes is required to permit the reaction kinetics ...
... enzyme system which ultimately yields an amount of reduced NADP (NADPH) proportional to the CPK activity. NADPH formation is followed spectrophotometrically at 340 nm. Upon addition of sample to the test system, an equilibration interval of several minutes is required to permit the reaction kinetics ...
Seminario Glúcidos 3 y lípidos 1. Comente los mecanismos de
... of mitochondria which had been sedimented once in 10 volumes of 0.88 M sucrose as described above, and subjecting the suspension at this point to two or three preliminary sedimentations at low speed (2000 X g), each of 5 minutes duration. The main bulk of the mitochondria, now freed of red blood cel ...
... of mitochondria which had been sedimented once in 10 volumes of 0.88 M sucrose as described above, and subjecting the suspension at this point to two or three preliminary sedimentations at low speed (2000 X g), each of 5 minutes duration. The main bulk of the mitochondria, now freed of red blood cel ...
REGULATION OF KETONE BODY AND COENZYME A
... 1.1.1 General introduction of ketone bodies In the metabolic literature, the expression “ketone bodies” refers to three watersoluble compounds: acetoacetate (AcAc), D-3-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetone (for extensive reviews of ketone body metabolism, see (1-3). Ketone bodies are strongly acidic an ...
... 1.1.1 General introduction of ketone bodies In the metabolic literature, the expression “ketone bodies” refers to three watersoluble compounds: acetoacetate (AcAc), D-3-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetone (for extensive reviews of ketone body metabolism, see (1-3). Ketone bodies are strongly acidic an ...
Pyruvate Oxidation Overview of pyruvate metabolism - Rose
... the actual catalytic process, and uses a total of five different cofactors. The large size of the complex allows the complicated reaction to proceed without dissociation of the reaction intermediates, and also allows regulation of the complex. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is closely related to ...
... the actual catalytic process, and uses a total of five different cofactors. The large size of the complex allows the complicated reaction to proceed without dissociation of the reaction intermediates, and also allows regulation of the complex. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is closely related to ...
Base Foreign Students 2015
... comes to a stop and glucose consumption decelerates. These metabolic changes are caused by activation of the following process: A.*Aerobic glycolysis. B.Anaerobic glycolysis. C.Lipolysis. D.Gluconeogenesis. E.Glycogen biosynthesis. 2.Buffer capacity of blood was decreased in the worker due to exhaus ...
... comes to a stop and glucose consumption decelerates. These metabolic changes are caused by activation of the following process: A.*Aerobic glycolysis. B.Anaerobic glycolysis. C.Lipolysis. D.Gluconeogenesis. E.Glycogen biosynthesis. 2.Buffer capacity of blood was decreased in the worker due to exhaus ...
(18 , 19)
... Most of this ammonia is excreted in urine as NH 4 + , (important mechanism f or maintaining acid-base balance) Intestinal mucosal cells , produces ammonia from glutamine by intestinal glutaminase • The intestinal mucosal cells obtain glutamine either from the blood or from digestion of dietary ...
... Most of this ammonia is excreted in urine as NH 4 + , (important mechanism f or maintaining acid-base balance) Intestinal mucosal cells , produces ammonia from glutamine by intestinal glutaminase • The intestinal mucosal cells obtain glutamine either from the blood or from digestion of dietary ...
File - Mr. Doyle SUIS Science
... from ATP to glucose, forming glucose-6-phosphate. 2 A phosphate group from a second ATP is transferred to the glucose-6phosphate. The resulting molecule is unstable, and it splits into two three carbon molecules. The molecules are interconvertible, so we will call them both PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehy ...
... from ATP to glucose, forming glucose-6-phosphate. 2 A phosphate group from a second ATP is transferred to the glucose-6phosphate. The resulting molecule is unstable, and it splits into two three carbon molecules. The molecules are interconvertible, so we will call them both PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehy ...
PowerPoint lecture
... from ATP to glucose, forming glucose-6-phosphate. 2 A phosphate group from a second ATP is transferred to the glucose-6phosphate. The resulting molecule is unstable, and it splits into two three carbon molecules. The molecules are interconvertible, so we will call them both PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehy ...
... from ATP to glucose, forming glucose-6-phosphate. 2 A phosphate group from a second ATP is transferred to the glucose-6phosphate. The resulting molecule is unstable, and it splits into two three carbon molecules. The molecules are interconvertible, so we will call them both PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehy ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... Holoenzyme only has biological activity when cofactor is bound. Cofactor (or coenzyme) = small non-amino acid molecule required for the catalytic activity of an enzyme. Often derived from dietary vitamins and minerals. Cofactor can be an organic molecule, metal ion, or organometallic complex. Cofact ...
... Holoenzyme only has biological activity when cofactor is bound. Cofactor (or coenzyme) = small non-amino acid molecule required for the catalytic activity of an enzyme. Often derived from dietary vitamins and minerals. Cofactor can be an organic molecule, metal ion, or organometallic complex. Cofact ...
Structure, function and regulation of pyruvate carboxylase
... glucose results in the rapid uptake of glucose by pancreatic βcells more than by other cell types [16,17]. This is a feature of pancreatic β-cells, but not α-cells [18]. Signalling for glucoseinduced insulin release is believed to require aerobic glycolysis plus tricarboxylic acid cycle activity [19 ...
... glucose results in the rapid uptake of glucose by pancreatic βcells more than by other cell types [16,17]. This is a feature of pancreatic β-cells, but not α-cells [18]. Signalling for glucoseinduced insulin release is believed to require aerobic glycolysis plus tricarboxylic acid cycle activity [19 ...
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and other Energy
... Who: all life on earth performs glyclolysis Where: the cytoplasm Glycolysis produces 4 ATP's and 2 NADH, but uses 2 ATP's in the process for a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. NOTE: This process does not require O2 and does not yield much energy. ...
... Who: all life on earth performs glyclolysis Where: the cytoplasm Glycolysis produces 4 ATP's and 2 NADH, but uses 2 ATP's in the process for a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. NOTE: This process does not require O2 and does not yield much energy. ...
Chylomicron Remnants and Nonesterified Fatty Involved in Lipogenesis in Rats
... receptor-mediated endocytosis (12,13). In contrast, nonesterified fatty acids bound to serum albumin dramatically increase in concentration during starvation and uncontrolled diabetes. Within the liver sinusoids, the nonesterified fatty acids dissociate from albumin and enter hepatocytes by a mechan ...
... receptor-mediated endocytosis (12,13). In contrast, nonesterified fatty acids bound to serum albumin dramatically increase in concentration during starvation and uncontrolled diabetes. Within the liver sinusoids, the nonesterified fatty acids dissociate from albumin and enter hepatocytes by a mechan ...
Dr. Walaa AL - Jedda – 2016 Metabolism of Glycogen Glycogen: is
... 2-Muscle glycogen on the other hand, is to act as readily available source of intermediates of glycolysis for provision of energy within the muscle itself. Muscle glycogen cannot directly contribute to blood glucose level. 3-Inherited deficiency of enzymes in the pathway of glycogen metabolism produ ...
... 2-Muscle glycogen on the other hand, is to act as readily available source of intermediates of glycolysis for provision of energy within the muscle itself. Muscle glycogen cannot directly contribute to blood glucose level. 3-Inherited deficiency of enzymes in the pathway of glycogen metabolism produ ...
Full Text - Malaysian Journal of Microbiology
... demand for these byproducts was limited by their impurities (Johnson and Taconi, 2007) because the cost of purification is substantial before utilizing them in other industries. The excess amount of generated glycerol may become an environmental problem, since it cannot be disposed of in the environ ...
... demand for these byproducts was limited by their impurities (Johnson and Taconi, 2007) because the cost of purification is substantial before utilizing them in other industries. The excess amount of generated glycerol may become an environmental problem, since it cannot be disposed of in the environ ...
Metabolic fuels: regulating fluxes to select mix
... tissue damage and death. For insects that feed on blood, like the tsetse fly, the high protein content of their diet and high solubility of proline in water (Fig.1D) are adaptive forces that have shaped the evolution of their unusual fuel selection pattern. Surprisingly, some migrant birds produce ...
... tissue damage and death. For insects that feed on blood, like the tsetse fly, the high protein content of their diet and high solubility of proline in water (Fig.1D) are adaptive forces that have shaped the evolution of their unusual fuel selection pattern. Surprisingly, some migrant birds produce ...
2. Lect. Urea cycle
... pathway of gluconeogenesis can use the pyruvate to synthesize glucose, which can enter the blood and be used by muscle—a pathway called the glucose-alanine cycle. ...
... pathway of gluconeogenesis can use the pyruvate to synthesize glucose, which can enter the blood and be used by muscle—a pathway called the glucose-alanine cycle. ...
Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation
... Proteins are important structural materials of the body, including, for example, keratin in skin, collagen and elastin in connective tissues, and muscle proteins. In addition, functional proteins such as enzymes and some hormones regulate an incredible variety of body functions. Whether amino acids ...
... Proteins are important structural materials of the body, including, for example, keratin in skin, collagen and elastin in connective tissues, and muscle proteins. In addition, functional proteins such as enzymes and some hormones regulate an incredible variety of body functions. Whether amino acids ...
- Journal of Hepatology
... NAFLD and all these have examined serum/plasma only. Five studies are summarized in Table 2. As with NAFLD, triacylglycerols and several fatty acids were elevated in plasma [7] and like NAFLD, several other fatty acids and LPCs were attenuated in plasma [9]. When a small series of NASH was compared ...
... NAFLD and all these have examined serum/plasma only. Five studies are summarized in Table 2. As with NAFLD, triacylglycerols and several fatty acids were elevated in plasma [7] and like NAFLD, several other fatty acids and LPCs were attenuated in plasma [9]. When a small series of NASH was compared ...
Biochemistry Lecture 15
... – AMP stim’s PFK-1 (when more ATP needed by cell, much glu avail), BUT inhib’s FBPase-1 (when cell needs more glu, not enough avail to make more ATP) ...
... – AMP stim’s PFK-1 (when more ATP needed by cell, much glu avail), BUT inhib’s FBPase-1 (when cell needs more glu, not enough avail to make more ATP) ...
Pod photosynthesis and seed dark CO2 fixation support oil
... such as phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate phosphokinase and pyruvate kinase; though showed higher activity in cytosolic fraction, were present in both cytoplasmic and leucoplasitc fractions. These results are consistent with the proposal t ...
... such as phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate phosphokinase and pyruvate kinase; though showed higher activity in cytosolic fraction, were present in both cytoplasmic and leucoplasitc fractions. These results are consistent with the proposal t ...
Fatty acid desaturation and chain elongation in eukaryotes
... acyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to ~-ketoacyl-CoA is the initial step. It is rate-limiting, determines fatty acyl specificity, and results in addition of the 2-carbon moiety. The second reaction is catalyzed by a reductase that utilizes NADPH (in preference to NADH) to form [3-hydroxy acyl-CoA. It is not k ...
... acyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to ~-ketoacyl-CoA is the initial step. It is rate-limiting, determines fatty acyl specificity, and results in addition of the 2-carbon moiety. The second reaction is catalyzed by a reductase that utilizes NADPH (in preference to NADH) to form [3-hydroxy acyl-CoA. It is not k ...
06a Organic Acids 2
... Isocitrate supplies precursors (succinate and glyoxylate) for two OAA, thus allowing the synthesis of 2 citrate, one to be excreted, the second to continue the glyox. cycle. ...
... Isocitrate supplies precursors (succinate and glyoxylate) for two OAA, thus allowing the synthesis of 2 citrate, one to be excreted, the second to continue the glyox. cycle. ...
The Permeability Properties of Rat Liver Lysosomes to Nucleosides
... for nucleoside degradation. Presumably, however, inorganic phosphate from nucleotide hydrolysis can pass across the membrane. In these experiments and previous ones (Lloyd, 1969, 1971) of the same type, rat liver lysosomes incubated in 0 . 2 5 ~solutions lost their latency progressively over a 60min ...
... for nucleoside degradation. Presumably, however, inorganic phosphate from nucleotide hydrolysis can pass across the membrane. In these experiments and previous ones (Lloyd, 1969, 1971) of the same type, rat liver lysosomes incubated in 0 . 2 5 ~solutions lost their latency progressively over a 60min ...
Glyceroneogenesis
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.