lecture7
... acid synthesis (Table 22.2). In fact, the reactions leading to fatty acid synthesis in higher organisms are very much like those of bacteria. The elongation phase of fatty acid synthesis starts with the formation of acetyl ACP and malonyl ACP. Acetyl transacylase and malonyl transacylase catalyze th ...
... acid synthesis (Table 22.2). In fact, the reactions leading to fatty acid synthesis in higher organisms are very much like those of bacteria. The elongation phase of fatty acid synthesis starts with the formation of acetyl ACP and malonyl ACP. Acetyl transacylase and malonyl transacylase catalyze th ...
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)
... glucose uptake with a stoichiometric coproduction of pyruvate and the symport system does not. Because pyruvate can either be channeled to the TCA cycle for energy production (under aerobic conditions) or further metabolized to acetate, succinate, lactate, ethanol, or other catabolic end products, i ...
... glucose uptake with a stoichiometric coproduction of pyruvate and the symport system does not. Because pyruvate can either be channeled to the TCA cycle for energy production (under aerobic conditions) or further metabolized to acetate, succinate, lactate, ethanol, or other catabolic end products, i ...
Practical part
... result of water retention causing a swelling of tissues or during kidney diseases when proteins are excreted in the urine. Protein biosynthesis disturbances take place during cancer cachecsia and during chronic inflammatory diseases, when accompanied by degenerative processes. Hyperproteinemia is ob ...
... result of water retention causing a swelling of tissues or during kidney diseases when proteins are excreted in the urine. Protein biosynthesis disturbances take place during cancer cachecsia and during chronic inflammatory diseases, when accompanied by degenerative processes. Hyperproteinemia is ob ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
... • Citrate synthase - regulated by availability of substrates - acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate, citrate is a competitive inhibitor; Allosteric: - NADH , ATP,succinyl-CoA ...
... • Citrate synthase - regulated by availability of substrates - acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate, citrate is a competitive inhibitor; Allosteric: - NADH , ATP,succinyl-CoA ...
proteins
... Conversions of AA in fasting • There is no special protein store in the body • Liver proteosynthesis is limited, proteolysis in muscles increases (insulin ↓, cortisol ↑) • The main AA released from muscles are Ala + Gln • Ala is the substrate of liver gluconeogenesis • Gln is deaminated in liver to ...
... Conversions of AA in fasting • There is no special protein store in the body • Liver proteosynthesis is limited, proteolysis in muscles increases (insulin ↓, cortisol ↑) • The main AA released from muscles are Ala + Gln • Ala is the substrate of liver gluconeogenesis • Gln is deaminated in liver to ...
Glycolysis
... -The direction of lactate dehydrogenase depends on the relative concentrations of pyruvate and lactate and the ratio NADH/NAD+ - in the liver and heart, the ratio of NADH/NAD+ is lower than in exercising muscle, these tissues oxidize lactate obtained from blood to pyruvate . -In the liver pyruvate i ...
... -The direction of lactate dehydrogenase depends on the relative concentrations of pyruvate and lactate and the ratio NADH/NAD+ - in the liver and heart, the ratio of NADH/NAD+ is lower than in exercising muscle, these tissues oxidize lactate obtained from blood to pyruvate . -In the liver pyruvate i ...
biochem ch 20 [2-9
... High-energy phosphate bond of GTP energetically equivalent to that of ATP and can be used directly for energyrequiring reactions such as protein synthesis Oxidation of Succinate to Oxaloacetate Transfer 2 pairs of electrons to FAD and NAD+ and add H2O, regenerating oxaloacetate Sequence of rea ...
... High-energy phosphate bond of GTP energetically equivalent to that of ATP and can be used directly for energyrequiring reactions such as protein synthesis Oxidation of Succinate to Oxaloacetate Transfer 2 pairs of electrons to FAD and NAD+ and add H2O, regenerating oxaloacetate Sequence of rea ...
15. The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in
... - Pyruvate dehydrogenase activated by phosphoprotein phosphatase ...
... - Pyruvate dehydrogenase activated by phosphoprotein phosphatase ...
Bile
... the enzyme pancreatic lipase, which actually digests the triglycerides, and is able to reach the fatty core through gaps between the bile salts. A triglyceride is broken down into two fatty acids and a monoglyceride, which are absorbed by the villi on the intestine walls. Without bile salts, most of ...
... the enzyme pancreatic lipase, which actually digests the triglycerides, and is able to reach the fatty core through gaps between the bile salts. A triglyceride is broken down into two fatty acids and a monoglyceride, which are absorbed by the villi on the intestine walls. Without bile salts, most of ...
Chapter 25 Chapter Topics Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
... synthesis of LDL receptors. Only works for heterozygotes because homozygotes have not receptor to stimulate. Elevated HDL seems to mitigate the plaque accumulation by acting to remove cholestrol from peripheral cells, returning it to the ...
... synthesis of LDL receptors. Only works for heterozygotes because homozygotes have not receptor to stimulate. Elevated HDL seems to mitigate the plaque accumulation by acting to remove cholestrol from peripheral cells, returning it to the ...
Chapter 25 Chapter Topics Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
... • Phosphorylation by a specific kinase inhibits • The kinase is activated by phosphorylation • (See Fig 25.33) ...
... • Phosphorylation by a specific kinase inhibits • The kinase is activated by phosphorylation • (See Fig 25.33) ...
CARDIAC ENZYMES
... (20 -100 x the upper limit) AST is 10x the upper limit 5-10x the upper limit in liver Ca Cirrhosis : ALT is more increased than AST, but as fibrosis progresses, ALTdec. In end stage = both enzymes are dec. Acute Fulminant hepatic failure,;AST : ALT > 1 AST value > 1000 = severe liver necrosis, AMI ...
... (20 -100 x the upper limit) AST is 10x the upper limit 5-10x the upper limit in liver Ca Cirrhosis : ALT is more increased than AST, but as fibrosis progresses, ALTdec. In end stage = both enzymes are dec. Acute Fulminant hepatic failure,;AST : ALT > 1 AST value > 1000 = severe liver necrosis, AMI ...
Fuel selection in human skeletal muscle in insulin resistance: a
... triglyceride. DAG, in turn, activates many isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC), including PKC and PKC. PKC, a serine kinase, can phosphorylate and inhibit tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor as well as tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 (38–42). Other fatty ...
... triglyceride. DAG, in turn, activates many isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC), including PKC and PKC. PKC, a serine kinase, can phosphorylate and inhibit tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor as well as tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 (38–42). Other fatty ...
Cloning and Characterization of Unusual Fatty Acid Desaturases
... The seed oil of Anemone leveillei contains significant amounts of sciadonic acid (20:3D5,11,14; SA), an unusual non-methyleneinterrupted fatty acid with pharmaceutical potential similar to arachidonic acid. Two candidate cDNAs (AL10 and AL21) for the C20 D5cis-desaturase from developing seeds of A. ...
... The seed oil of Anemone leveillei contains significant amounts of sciadonic acid (20:3D5,11,14; SA), an unusual non-methyleneinterrupted fatty acid with pharmaceutical potential similar to arachidonic acid. Two candidate cDNAs (AL10 and AL21) for the C20 D5cis-desaturase from developing seeds of A. ...
a new equation for calculating the number of atp molecules
... Fatty acids contained in a variety of foods and are usually stored as triglycerides, which cannot be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.[12-18] Therefore, triglycerides are degraded into free fatty acids and mono-glycerides by the enzyme pancreatic lipase, found as a 1:1 complex with colipase pr ...
... Fatty acids contained in a variety of foods and are usually stored as triglycerides, which cannot be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.[12-18] Therefore, triglycerides are degraded into free fatty acids and mono-glycerides by the enzyme pancreatic lipase, found as a 1:1 complex with colipase pr ...
The experiments provide ne~~~den~~~~t the r&rate clewage pathway... of carbon for the synthesis of $tty ack& k‘l...
... extramitochondrial synth@sisof fatty acids when the major source of carbon is pyruvate. The ixperiments presented’ below involved the use of a reconstituted system consisting of mitoehondria and high speed superntttant (cytopiasmic protein) prepared from rat Iliver, ‘In martial experiments we used & ...
... extramitochondrial synth@sisof fatty acids when the major source of carbon is pyruvate. The ixperiments presented’ below involved the use of a reconstituted system consisting of mitoehondria and high speed superntttant (cytopiasmic protein) prepared from rat Iliver, ‘In martial experiments we used & ...
BS3050 Physiology of Sport and Exercise
... Table 18.4 shows the ATP yield from the complete oxidation of glucose. For every molecule of glucose converted to CO2 : 2 mols of ATP are generated by glycolysis, 2 mol of ATP by the operation of the citric acid cycle and the remaining 26 mol ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Generation of energy fr ...
... Table 18.4 shows the ATP yield from the complete oxidation of glucose. For every molecule of glucose converted to CO2 : 2 mols of ATP are generated by glycolysis, 2 mol of ATP by the operation of the citric acid cycle and the remaining 26 mol ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Generation of energy fr ...
Phospholipid Ester-linked Fatty Acid Biomarkers of
... 3ac10 and 4acll. Media for sulphate reducers contained 25 mM-sulphate. Desulfovibrio thermophilus was grown on pyruvate (filter-sterilized; pore size 0-2 Fm; final concentration 20 mM). In order to facilitate harvesting of the sulphur reducers, they were grown on alternative, purely organic energy s ...
... 3ac10 and 4acll. Media for sulphate reducers contained 25 mM-sulphate. Desulfovibrio thermophilus was grown on pyruvate (filter-sterilized; pore size 0-2 Fm; final concentration 20 mM). In order to facilitate harvesting of the sulphur reducers, they were grown on alternative, purely organic energy s ...
Identification of Two Mammalian Reductases
... total RNA was extracted from the indicated tissues of C57BL/6J mice using RNA STAT-60 (TEL-TEST, Friendswood, TX), and poly(A⫹) RNA was isolated using the MessageMaker mRNA Isolation System (Invitrogen). Three g of poly(A⫹) RNA from each tissue was subjected to Northern blot hybridization using 32P ...
... total RNA was extracted from the indicated tissues of C57BL/6J mice using RNA STAT-60 (TEL-TEST, Friendswood, TX), and poly(A⫹) RNA was isolated using the MessageMaker mRNA Isolation System (Invitrogen). Three g of poly(A⫹) RNA from each tissue was subjected to Northern blot hybridization using 32P ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... exogenous glucose (外源性葡萄糖) as an important energy source because glucose may not always be available from external sources or intracellular stores. Some mammalian tissues, primarily liver and kidney can synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors such as lactate and alanine. Under fasting con ...
... exogenous glucose (外源性葡萄糖) as an important energy source because glucose may not always be available from external sources or intracellular stores. Some mammalian tissues, primarily liver and kidney can synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors such as lactate and alanine. Under fasting con ...
UNIT 9. COMMON CATABOLIC PATHWAY. TRICARBOXYLIC ACID
... 7. The convertion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2 A. Is catalyzed by multimolecular aggregate. B. Involves the participation of lipoic acid. C. Occurs in the cytosol D. Depends on CoA. E. Donates electrons to ETC. 8. Put the following stages PDH complex action in the correct order: A. TPP forms a ...
... 7. The convertion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2 A. Is catalyzed by multimolecular aggregate. B. Involves the participation of lipoic acid. C. Occurs in the cytosol D. Depends on CoA. E. Donates electrons to ETC. 8. Put the following stages PDH complex action in the correct order: A. TPP forms a ...
Chapter 7 How Cells Release Chemical energy
... energy,glucose-6-phosphate can be converted to glycogen for storage When blood sugar drops, glycogen is converted to glucose-6-phosphate and and enters the glycolysis pathway ...
... energy,glucose-6-phosphate can be converted to glycogen for storage When blood sugar drops, glycogen is converted to glucose-6-phosphate and and enters the glycolysis pathway ...
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
... • Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is the most important regulator of glycolysis in the liver. Its abundance is a reflection of whether blood glucose levels are high or low (see below). • "Feed-forward" allosteric activation by fructose-6-phosphate • The kinase reaction is favored by the dephosphorylated f ...
... • Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is the most important regulator of glycolysis in the liver. Its abundance is a reflection of whether blood glucose levels are high or low (see below). • "Feed-forward" allosteric activation by fructose-6-phosphate • The kinase reaction is favored by the dephosphorylated f ...
medbiochem exam 1, 2000
... C. is lower in the presence of the pathway enzymes. D. is the sum of all the individual standard free energy values. E. depends on the free energy of the rate limiting reaction. 16. Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Thermodynamically favored reactions are reversible. B. Nature favors lo ...
... C. is lower in the presence of the pathway enzymes. D. is the sum of all the individual standard free energy values. E. depends on the free energy of the rate limiting reaction. 16. Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Thermodynamically favored reactions are reversible. B. Nature favors lo ...
Fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism in prokaryotes
... phosphate. Such mutants have generally lost the ability to produce a key biosynthetic enzyme (e.g.fabA mutants, which require supplementation with unsaturated fatty acids), or they may be more complex (e.g. plsB mutants require high glycerol phosphate concentrations due to a K,n defect in the enzyme ...
... phosphate. Such mutants have generally lost the ability to produce a key biosynthetic enzyme (e.g.fabA mutants, which require supplementation with unsaturated fatty acids), or they may be more complex (e.g. plsB mutants require high glycerol phosphate concentrations due to a K,n defect in the enzyme ...
Glyceroneogenesis
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.